Mataurirwo: stēl Basa: zita Etymology: Middle English stele, from Old English, stEle;yakafanana neOld High German stahalsteel, zvichida yakafanana neSanskrit stakati, iyo yaakaramba.
Zvimedu zvidiki zve limestone (flux) uye iron ore zvinonetsa kugadzirisa uye kutakura nekuda kweguruva nekuora.Nokudaro, zvinhu zvehupfu zvinowanzogadziriswa kuita zvidimbu zvakakura.Hunhu hwezvakagadzirwa zvinhu zvinotarisa tekinoroji inoshandiswa muchirimwa.
Mapeti akabikwa akabatana pamwechete kuita zvidimbu zvingangoita inchi imwe muhukuru.Inowanzo shandiswa guruva resimbi rinounganidzwa kubva mumoto unoputika.
Zvidimbu zvidiki zvinoumbwa nekutsikirira zvinhu pamwechete.Kupisa Briquetted Iron (HBI) isimbi yakanyungudutswa inogona kushandiswa panzvimbo yesimbi yakaraswa muvira remagetsi.
Shanduko yezvimiro zvedzimwe simbi uye alloys, senge simbi, inoitika pane ambient kana ine mwero tembiricha yakakwira mushure mekupisa kupisa kana kutonhora kushanda.Zvakajairwa zvimiro zvakakanganisika ndezvi: kuoma, goho simba, kusimba simba, ductility, kuoma, kuumbwa, magineti zvivakwa, nezvimwe.
AISI inoshanda sezwi reUS simbi indasitiri paruzhinji mutemo uye inosimudzira simbi sechinhu chesarudzo mumusika.AISI inoitawo basa rinotungamira mukuvandudza nekushandiswa kwezvigadzirwa zvesimbi zvitsva uye matekinoroji ekugadzira simbi.AISI inoumbwa nevagadziri vesimbi nemagetsi arc furnace, pamwe nenhengo dzinobatana dzinova vatengesi kana vatengi veindasitiri yesimbi.
Chero chipi nechipi chesimbi chinowedzerwa panguva yekunyungudutswa kwesimbi kana aluminiyamu kunatsiridza kusaora, kuoma, kana simba.Masimbi anonyanya kushandiswa sealloying zvinhu musimbi isina tsvina anosanganisira chromium, nickel uye molybdenum.
Iron-based misanganiswa inonzi alloy steels kana manganese emukati achipfuura 1.65%, silicon inodarika 0.5%, mhangura inodarika 0.6%, kana zvimwe zvidiki zvealloying zvinhu zviripo, senge chromium, nickel, molybdenum kana tungsten.Nekutsiva zvinhu izvi mune resipi, akawanda akasiyana simbi zvivakwa anogona kugadzirwa.
Iyo simbi inoiswa deoxidized nealuminium, chinangwa ndechekudzikisa huwandu hweokisijeni kuitira kuti panguva yekusimba pasave nekuita pakati pekabhoni neokisijeni.
Kurapa kwekupisa kana kupisa mashandiro anoita kuti pre-kutonhora akakungurutswa makoiri akanyanya kukodzera kuumba nekukotama.Pepa resimbi rinopisa kune tembiricha yakafanorongwa kwenguva yakakwana uye yobva yatonhodzwa.
Munguva inotonhora yekukunguruka kwemakoiri, zvisungo pakati pesimbi zviyo zvinotambanudzwa, izvo zvinoita kuti simbi iite brittle uye brittle.Annealing inobvumira kuumbwa kwezvisungo zvitsva pakupisa kwepamusoro, nokudaro "recrystallizing" chimiro chezviyo chesimbi.
Kudiwa kweSimbi kunoverengerwa zvichibva pakutumirwa kwesimbi kuchigayo kwakashumwa neAISI pamwe nezvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika zvakashumwa neCensus Bureau minus kunze kwenyika zvakashumwa neCensus Bureau.Mazana emusika wemudzimba anoenderana nenhamba iyi uye usatarise chero shanduko muzvinyorwa.
Kabhoni yesimbi isina tsvina inofanira kunge yakaderera pane iyo kabhoni kana yakaderera alloy simbi (kureva, simbi ine isingasviki 5% alloying elements).Nepo electric arc furnace (EAF) iriyo nzira yechinyakare yekunyungudusa nekunatsa simbi isina tsvina, AAF ndeyekuwedzera kwehupfumi nekuda kwenguva pfupi yekumhanya uye kudzikira tembiricha pane EAF kugadzira simbi.Pamusoro pezvo, kunatswa kwesimbi isina tsvina uchishandisa AOD kunowedzera kuwanikwa kweEAF yekunyungudutsa.
Simbi yakanyungudutswa isina kunatswa inotamiswa kubva kuEAF ichiendeswa kune imwe mudziyo.Musanganiswa we argon uye okisijeni inofuridzirwa musimbi yakanyungudutswa kubva pasi pemudziyo.Pamwe chete nemagasi aya, detergents inowedzerwa mumudziyo kuti ibvise tsvina, uye okisijeni inosanganiswa nekabhoni musimbi isina kugadziriswa kuderedza carbon content.Kuvapo kweargon kunowedzera hukama hwekabhoni yeokisijeni, zvichiita kuti kubviswa kwekabhoni.
Mazhinji makambani akabatana haagone kudzikisa unilaterally mazinga ekuhaya kuti aderedze mitengo, saka manejimendi anofanirwa kuvimba nekudzingwa kuzadza mabasa ayo asingakwanise kuzadzwa.Sezvo avhareji yezera revashandi vefekitori vakasanganiswa vangangopfuura makumi mashanu, huwandu huri kukura hwevakaenda pamudyandigere hunogona kupa makambani aya kusandunuka kuvandudza kukwikwidza kwavo.
Chikamu chikuru chesimbi isina tsvina, inoverengera nezve 70% yezvese kugadzirwa.Nekuda kwepamusoro nickel uye yakakwirira chromium zvirimo, austenitic Stainless simbi dzine kusimba kwakasimba kwekudzivirira muboka resimbi isina simbi.Austenitic Stainless steels inoomeswa uye inoomeswa nekushanda kunotonhora (nekuisa kushushikana pamhepo yakadzika kushandura chimiro uye chimiro chesimbi) pane kupisa kupisa.Ductility (kukwanisa kushandura chimiro pasina kutyora) yakanakira austenitic simbi isina tsvina.Yakanakisa solderability uye yakanakisa mashandiro pane yakaderera tembiricha mamwe maficha ekirasi iyi.
Zvikumbiro zvinosanganisira vabiki, midziyo yekugadzira chikafu, zvivakwa zvekunze, midziyo yeindasitiri yemakemikari, matrailer emarori uye sinki yekubikira.
Iwo maviri magiredhi akajairika imhando 304 (inonyanya kushandiswa simbi isina tsvina, inopa kusadzivirirwa kwekuora pasi pemamiriro mazhinji akajairwa) uye mhando 316 (yakafanana ne304, ine molybdenum yakawedzerwa kuvandudza kupikisa kune akasiyana marudzi ekupfeka).
Chishandiso chinodzvanya simbi isina chinhu mumusuwo kana hood yechimiro chaunoda, semuenzaniso, kushandisa chitambi chine simba (mold).Simbi inoshandiswa inofanira kuva yakakwana ductile (tensile) kuti ikwanise kukotama pasina kutyora.
Vachishandisa hydraulic rolling force systems, vagadziri vesimbi vanogona kudzora nemazvo ukuru (ukobvu) hwemashizha esimbi pavanenge vachipfuura nemuzvigayo zvinotonhora zvekumhanya zvinodarika mamaira makumi mashanu paawa.Uchishandisa mhinduro kana feed-forward system, komputa gap sensor inogadzirisa kureba pakati pemapumburu eiyo rolling mill calender pamwero we50-60 nguva pasekondi.Aya magadzirirwo anodzivirira kunze-kwe-spec kuisa kubva kumichina.
Mudziyo wekudzora kusvibiswa kwemweya unoshandiswa kuteya zvimedu nekusefa mweya wemhepo kuburikidza nejira hombe kana bhegi refiberglass.
Cold rolled mild steel sheet yemotokari muviri mapaneru.Kutenda kune yakakosha kurapwa, iyo simbi ine yakanaka yekupinda uye simba zvivakwa, uye ine kuwedzera kupikisa kune dents mushure mekupfura.
Choto chakaita sepeya chakamisikidzwa nezvidhinha zvinoramba chichishandiswa kugadzira simbi yakanyungudutswa uye simbi yakanyungudutswa kubva mumavira anoputika kuita simbi.Kusvika 30% yezvakagadzirwa zvakadyiswa mushanduri zvinogona kuva zvimedu, uye imwe yese iri simbi yakanyungudutswa.
Vhuni dzekushandura, dzinogona kunatsa kunyunguduka (batch) yesimbi isingasviki maminetsi makumi mana neshanu, yakatsiva mavira emoto akavhurika muma1950s, iyo yekupedzisira inoda maawa mashanu kusvika matanhatu kugadzira simbi.Iko kukurumidza kushanda, mutengo wakaderera, uye kureruka kwekushanda kweBOF kunopa mabhenefiti akajeka pamusoro penzira dzakapfuura.
Zvimedu zvinodururwa muchoto, zvichiteverwa nesimbi yakanyungudutswa kubva mumoto unoputika.Dhomo rinodzikiswa kubva kumusoro, kuburikidza nemhepo yeokisijeni inovhuvhuta pasi pekumanikidza kwakanyanya, zvichikonzera kemikari inoparadzanisa tsvina kuita utsi kana slag.Mushure mekunatsa, simbi yakanyungudutswa uye slag inodururwa mumidziyo yakasiyana.
Yakakungurutswa marefu ezvigadzirwa kubva muma blanks.Commercial rebar uye rebar (rebar) ndiwo maviri akajairwa mapoka eiyo rebar apo kutengeserana rebar kunosanganisira kutenderera, flat, kona, sikweya uye chiteshi mabara uye inoshandiswa nevagadziri kugadzira zvakasiyana siyana zvezvigadzirwa zvakaita sefenicha, njanji uye zvekurima.inoshandiswa kusimbisa kongiri mumigwagwa, mabhiriji uye zvivakwa.
Simbi semi-yakapedza formwork ye "refu" zvigadzirwa: mabara, chiteshi kana mamwe mafomu anovaka.Mabhiridha akasiyana kubva kune slabs muhukuru hwavo hwekunze;mabhiriji anowanzoita 2 kusvika 7 inches square, uye slabs ane 30 kusvika 80 inches yakafara uye 2 kusvika 10 inches gobvu.Zvose zviumbwa zvinowanzokandwa nguva dzose, asi makemikari avo anogona kusiyana zvikuru.
Cold yakakungurutswa simbi kubva pa12 ″ kusvika 32 ″ yakafara inoshandiswa se base material (raw material) yetinning zvirimwa.
Silinda refu yakavharwa nezvidhinha zvinoramba (refractory) zvinoshandiswa nesimbi kunyungudutsa simbi kubva musimbi.Zvinotora zita rayo kubva ku "mafungu anovhundutsa" emhepo inopisa uye magasi anomanikidzwa kuburikidza nesimbi ore, coke uye limestone akaiswa muchoto.
Matanho ekutanga kugadzirira flat strip yevashandisi vekupedzisira.A blank bepa rezvinhu rine mativi ekunze akafanana sechikamu chakapihwa, senge gonhi kana hood, asi risati radhindwa.Vagadziri vesimbi vanogona kupa vatengi vavo chinhu chisina chinhu kuti vaderedze mari yebasa uye yekufambisa;simbi yakawandisa inogona kuchekwa isati yatumirwa.
Simbi semi-yakapedza formwork yerectangular chikamu pamusoro pe8 inches.Ichi chikamu chikuru chesimbi chakaputsika muchigayo chinotenderedza kuti chibudise anozivikanwa H-matanda, H-matanda uye mapepa mirwi.Blooms zvakare chikamu chemhando yepamusoro yekugadzira bar: kudzikisa iyo bloom cross chikamu kunovandudza kunaka kwesimbi.
Tsaona inokonzerwa nekuyerera kusingadzoreki kwesimbi yakanyungudutswa kana slag (kana zvese) kubva muvira rinoputika nekuda kwekutadza kwe blast furnace wall.
"Munda wekare" unosiyaniswa ne "munda wegirinhi" (kana kuti zvinhu zvitsva zvachose).Kuwedzera zvinhu zvipenyu zvinoreva kuwedzera kuzvinhu zviripo.
Mitsetse yakanaka kwazvo pamipendero yemitsetse inokonzerwa nekucheka maoparesheni akadai sekutsemura, kuchekerera, kuveura kana kuvhara.Semuenzaniso, kana mugadziri wesimbi akacheka mativi epepa parallel kana kuicheka kuita mitsetse, mipendero yaro inokotama yakananga kune yakachekwa (ona Edge-rolling).
Zvimedu zvine zvimedu uye zvitambi mukugadzirwa kwemetallurgical.Izwi iri rinobva mutsika yekuunganidza zvinhu mumabhasikiti ebhasikiti munguva yeHondo Yenyika II.
Pombi yakajairika inoshandiswa mupombi.Chitunha chinopisa chinoramba chichipfuura nepakati pevelding rollers, ichigadzira chubhu uye ichidzvanya mipendero inopisa kune mumwe nemumwe, ichigadzira weld yakasimba.
Radian ndiko kutsauka kubva pakutwasuka kwemupendero.Iyo yakanyanya kutenderwa kushivirira kweiyi divi kutsauka kubva kumutsara wakatwasuka inotsanangurwa muiyo ASTM chiyero.
Iyo yakajairika kugona kugadzira simbi munguva yakatarwa.Chiyero ichi chinofanirwa kusanganisira zvinodiwa zvekugadzirisa, asi nekuti masevhisi akadaro akarongwa zvichibva pane zvinodiwa nemuchina (panzvimbo pezvinodiwa nekarenda), chirimwa chinogona kumhanya chinodarika zana muzana kwemwedzi wobva wadonha zvakanyanya.maererano nekugadzirisa Kuiswa simba kuri kuitika.
Iyo theoretical kugona kwechigayo kana kunyungudutsa, pasi pezvirambidzo zvekupa feedstock uye zvakajairwa kukurumidza kushanda.
Mavhoriyamu akashandiswa zvakanaka anobvumira gadziriso yemidziyo uye anoratidza zvipingamupinyi zvezvinhu zvazvino.(Bottlenecks mukugovera uye kugovera shanduko nekufamba kwenguva sezvo huwandu hunowedzera kana kudzikira.)
Simbi inoumbwa zvakanyanya neye elemental kabhoni uye chimiro chayo chinoenderana nekabhoni yemukati.Zvizhinji zvesimbi inogadzirwa munyika ndeye carbon steel.
Iyo casing tambo, inova yezvimiro anchor yemadziro emafuta uye gasi matsime, yakaverengera 75% yekutumirwa kwemafuta nyika tubular zvinhu (kuburikidza nehuremu).Iyo pombi yekuvhara inoshandiswa kudzivirira kusvibiswa kwemvura yakapoteredza pasi uye tsime pacharo.Iyo casing inochengetwa kweupenyu hwese kwetsime uye kazhinji haibviswe kana tsime rakavharwa.
Nzira yekudira simbi yakanyungudutswa muforoma kuitira kuti simbi yakatonhorwa ichengetedze chimiro cheforoma.
Maitiro ekukanda zvakananga simbi yakanyungudutswa kune yayo yekupedzisira uye ukobvu pasina kumwe kupisa kana kutonhora kukunguruka.Izvi zvinoderedza mari, simba uye zvakatipoteredza mari.
Chiito chekuisa zvinhu mumidziyo.Semuenzaniso, iron ore, coke uye limestone zvinoiswa mumoto unoputika, uye zvimedu nesimbi yakanyungudutswa zvinoiswa muvira reokisijeni.
Iyo kemikari yesimbi, inoratidzira zviri mukati kabhoni, manganese, sarufa, phosphorus uye zvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda.
An alloying element, inova yakakosha mbishi simbi isina tsvina, ichipa corrosion resistance.Kana simbi isina tsvina yakakuvadzwa nemichina kana kemikari, pamberi peokisijeni, iyo firimu inowanzoitika pamusoro pesimbi isina tsvina inogadziriswa, ichidzivirira kuora.
Nzira yekushandisa simbi isina tsvina yakaputira kune kabhoni kana yakaderera alloy simbi (kureva, simbi ine isingasviki 5% alloying elements).
1) Stainless simbi welding nekabhoni simbi;2) kudurura simbi yakanyungudutswa isina tsvina yakatenderedza kabhoni yakasimba isina chinhu muforoma;kana 3) kuisa kabhoni simbi ndiro pakati pemahwendefa maviri esimbi isina tsvina uye kuakungurutsira patembiricha yakakwira muchigayo.namatidza pamwe chete..
Maitiro ekuputira simbi neimwe zvinhu (tin, chromium uye zinc), kunyanya kudzivirira ngura.
Nguva yekutumira: Jan-11-2023