Imwe neimwe bvunzo protocol (Brinell, Rockwell, Vickers) ine maitiro akananga kune chinhu chiri mukuedzwa.Iyo Rockwell t-test inobatsira pakuyedza mapaipi akatetepa-akakomberedzwa nekucheka pombi kureba uye kutarisa mudhuri wepombi nedhayamita yemukati kwete dhayamita rekunze.
Kuhodha mapaipi kwakangofanana nekuenda kuchitoro chemotokari uye kuhodha mota kana rori.Ikozvino pane zvakawanda zvesarudzo zviripo izvo zvinobvumira vatengi kugadzirisa mota nenzira dzakasiyana siyana - mukati nekunze mavara, trim mapakeji, ekunze masitaera sarudzo, powertrain sarudzo, uye yekuteerera system inokwana kuita seyevaraidzo yepamba.Nezvose izvi sarudzo, iwe haungagutsikane neyakajairwa isina-frills mota.
Izvi zvinoshanda kune mapaipi esimbi.Iine zviuru zvesarudzo kana zvirevo.Pamusoro pezviyero, iyo yakatarwa inotaura zvimiro zvemakemikari uye akati wandei emuchina zvinhu senge shoma goho simba (MYS), yekupedzisira tensile simba (UTS), uye kushoma elongation kukundikana.Zvakadaro, vazhinji vari muindasitiri iyi — mainjiniya, vamiririri vanotenga, uye vagadziri — vanoshandisa shorthand yeindasitiri uye vanodana pombi “dzakareruka” dzakasungwa uye vanonyora chimiro chimwe chete: kuoma.
Edza kuodha mota zvinoenderana nehumwe hunhu ("Ndinoda mota ine otomatiki transmission"), uye nemutengesi hauzoendi kure.Anofanira kuzadza fomu rine zvakawanda zvingasarudzwa.Izvi ndizvo zvakaita mapaipi esimbi: kuti uwane pombi yakakodzera chikumbiro, mugadziri wepombi anoda ruzivo rwakawanda kupfuura kuoma.
Kuomarara kwakave sei chinhu chinogamuchirwa chezvimwe zvinhu zvemuchina?Zvichida zvakatanga nevagadziri vepombi.Nekuti kuomarara kuyedzwa kunokurumidza, kuri nyore, uye kunoda midziyo isingadhure, vatengesi vepombi vanowanzoshandisa kuomarara kuyedza kuenzanisa marudzi maviri epombi.Chese chavanoda kuita bvunzo yekuomarara ichidimbu chepombi uye bvunzo rig.
Kuoma kwepombi kune hukama hwepedyo neUTS uye mutemo wechigunwe (muzana kana muzana renji) unobatsira pakufungidzira MYS, saka zviri nyore kuona kuti kuomarara kuyedzwa kunogona sei kuita mumiririri akakodzera kune zvimwe zvivakwa.
Uyezve, mimwe miedzo yakaoma.Nepo kuyedzwa kwekuomarara kuchitora ingangoita miniti pamushini mumwe chete, MYS, UTS uye elongation bvunzo dzinoda gadziriro yemuenzaniso uye kudyara kwakakosha mumidziyo yakakura yerabhoritari.Mukuenzanisa, mushandisi wepombi anopedza bvunzo yekuomarara mumasekonzi, nepo nyanzvi yemetallurgist ichiita bvunzo yekumanikidza mumaawa mashoma.Kuita bvunzo yekuomarara hakuna kuoma.
Izvi hazvireve kuti vanogadzira pombi dzeinjiniya havashandise bvunzo dzekuoma.Zvakachengeteka kutaura kuti ruzhinji runoita izvi, asi sezvo ivo vachiongorora kudzokorora kwechiridzwa uye kugadzirwazve pamidziyo yese yebvunzo, vanonyatsoziva zvipimo zvebvunzo.Vazhinji vavo vanoshandisa iyo kuongorora kuoma kwechubhu sechikamu chekugadzira maitiro, asi usashandise iyo kuverengera maitiro echubhu.Kungori kupasa/kufoira bvunzo.
Nei ndichifanira kuziva MYS, UTS uye kushomeka elongation?Vanoratidza kushanda kweungano yechubhu.
MYS ndiyo simba shoma rinokonzera deformation yekusingaperi yezvinhu.Kana iwe ukaedza kukotamisa zvishoma chidimbu chewaya (sehanger) uye kusunungura kumanikidza, chimwe chezvinhu zviviri zvichaitika: ichadzokera kune yayo yekutanga (yakatwasuka) kana kuramba yakakotama.Kana ichiri yakatwasuka, saka hausati watora MYS.Kana ichiri yakakombama, wakapotsa.
Zvino tora magumo ese ewaya ne pliers.Kana iwe uchigona kutyora waya nepakati, iwe waita kupfuura UTS.Iwe unoidhonza nesimba uye une zvidimbu zviviri zvewaya kuratidza kuedza kwako kwesimba rinopfuura remunhu.Kana iyo yepakutanga kureba kwewaya kwaive masendimita mashanu, uye kureba kuviri mushure mekukundikana kunowedzera kusvika masendimita matanhatu, waya inotambanudza 1 inch, kana 20%.Chaiyo tensile bvunzo inoyerwa mukati me2 inches yenzvimbo yekuzorora, asi zvisinei kuti chii - iyo mutsara tension pfungwa inoratidza UTS.
Steel micrograph samples dzinofanirwa kuchekwa, kukwenenzverwa, nekunamirwa nemushonga une acidic isina kusimba (kazhinji nitric acid nedoro) kuita kuti tsanga dzionekwe.100x magnification inowanzoshandiswa kuongorora zviyo zvesimbi uye kuona hukuru hwadzo.
Kuomarara muedzo wekuti chinhu chinoshanda sei pakukanganisa.Fungidzira kuti hurefu hupfupi hwehubhu hunoiswa muvhisi ine shaya dzakatsemuka uye inozungunuswa kuvhara vise.Mukuwedzera pakugadzirisa pombi, vise shaya inosiya chinyorwa pamusoro pepombi.
Aya ndiwo mashandiro anoita bvunzo yekuomarara, asi haina kuomarara.Muedzo une saizi inodzorwa yekukanganisa uye inodzorwa kudzvanywa.Masimba aya anotsveyamisa pamusoro, achigadzira indentations kana indentations.Kukura kana kudzika kwegonzo ndiko kunoratidza kuoma kwesimbi.
Kana uchiongorora simbi, Brinell, Vickers uye Rockwell kuomarara bvunzo dzinowanzo shandiswa.Imwe neimwe ine chikero chayo, uye dzimwe dzacho dzine dzakawanda nzira dzekuyedza dzakadai seRockwell A, B, C, nezvimwewo. Papombi dzesimbi, iyo ASTM A513 yakatarwa inoreva Rockwell B bvunzo (yakapfupikiswa seHRB kana RB).Rockwell Test B inoyera mutsauko wesimba rekupinda resimbi 1⁄16 inch diayamita bhora musimbi pakati peyakareruka preload uye yakakosha mutoro we100 kgf.Mhedzisiro yakajairika yesimbi yakapfava ndeye HRB 60.
Materials masayendisiti anoziva kuti kuomarara kune hukama hwemutsara neUTS.Naizvozvo, kuomarara kwakapihwa kunofanotaura UTS.Saizvozvo, mugadziri wepombi anoziva kuti MYS neUTS zvine hukama.Pamapombi akasungwa, MYS inowanzoita 70% kusvika 85% UTS.Iyo chaiyo mari inoenderana neiyo tube yekugadzira maitiro.Hukukutu hweHRB 60 hunoenderana neUTS 60,000 mapaundi paskweya inch (PSI) uye anenge makumi masere muzana MYS, ari makumi mana nemasere PSI.
Iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa pombi yekugadzirwa kwakawanda ndeyekuomarara kwakanyanya.Pamusoro pehukuru, mainjiniya vanofarirawo kutsanangura kupikisa welded (RW) mapaipi mukati meiyo yakanaka yekushanda siyana, izvo zvinogona kuguma nechikamu mifananidzo ine inogoneka yakanyanya kuoma kweHRB 60. Ichi chisarudzo chega chinoguma nehuwandu hwema mechanical end properties, kusanganisira kuoma pacharo.
Chekutanga, kuoma kweHRB 60 haatiudze zvakawanda.Iyo HRB 60 kuverenga inhamba isina dimensionless.Zvishandiso zvakatemerwa paHRB 59 zvakapfava pane izvo zvakaedzwa paHRB 60, uye HRB 61 yakaoma kupfuura HRB 60, asi nemarii?Haikwanise kuverengerwa sevhoriyamu (inoyerwa mumadecibel), torque (inoyerwa mupound-tsoka), kumhanya (kuyerwa kure kure nenguva), kana UTS (inoyerwa mumapaundi paskweya inch).Kuverenga HRB 60 hakuna chainotiudza.Icho chinhu chenyama, kwete chinhu chaicho.Chechipiri, kuomerwa kwekuomarara kwega hakuna kunyatsokodzera kuve nechokwadi chekudzokorora kana kuberekazve.Kuongororwa kwemasaiti maviri pamuenzaniso, kunyangwe nzvimbo dzekuyedza dziri pedyo pamwe chete, dzinowanzokonzera kuverenga kwakasiyana kwakaoma.Mamiriro ebvunzo anowedzera dambudziko iri.Mushure mekuyerwa kwechinzvimbo chimwe, chiyero chechipiri hachigone kutorwa kuti chitarise chigumisiro.Kudzokororwa kwebvunzo hazvigoneke.
Izvi hazvirevi kuti kuyerwa kwekuoma hakuna kunaka.Chaizvoizvo, iyi igwara rakanaka kune UTS zvinhu, uye inokurumidza uye nyore bvunzo.Nekudaro, chero munhu ane chekuita netsanangudzo, kutenga, uye kugadzirwa kwemachubhu anofanirwa kuziva zvaasingakwanisi seyeyedzo paramita.
Nekuti pombi "yenguva dzose" haina kunyatsotsanangurwa, vagadziri vepombi vanowanzoidzikisa kusvika kune maviri anonyanya kushandiswa marudzi esimbi nepombi sekutsanangurwa kwazvinoitwa muASTM A513:1008 uye 1010 pazvinenge zvakakodzera.Kunyangwe mushure mekubvisa mamwe marudzi ese epombi, mikana yemagetsi emhando yemhando mbiri dzepombi inoramba yakavhurika.Muchokwadi, idzi mhando dzepombi dzine huwandu hwakakura hwema mechanical emhando dzemhando dzese dzepombi.
Semuenzaniso, chubhu inoonekwa seyakapfava kana MYS yakaderera uye kureba kwakakwira, izvo zvinoreva kuti inoita zvirinani maererano nekutambanudza, deformation, uye deformation zvachose pane chubhu inotsanangurwa seyakaomarara, ine MYS yakati wandei uye yakaderera kureba. ..Izvi zvakafanana nemusiyano uripo pakati pewaya yakapfava newaya yakaoma senge maturiko embatya nezvibhorani.
Elongation pachayo ndechimwe chinhu chine mhedzisiro yakakosha pane yakakosha pombi application.Mapaipi elongation akakwirira anogona kumira kutambanudza;yakaderera elongation zvinhu zvakanyanya brittle uye nekudaro zvakanyanya kutarisana nenjodzi yekutadza kuneta.Nekudaro, kurebesa hakuna hukama zvakananga neUTS, inova ndiyo yega chivakwa chemuchina chakanangana nekuoma.
Sei mapaipi achisiyana zvakanyanya mumichina yavo?Kutanga, chimiro chemakemikari chakasiyana.Simbi ndiyo mhinduro yakasimba yesimbi uye kabhoni, pamwe chete nemamwe alloys anokosha.Kuti zvive nyore, tichabata chete nehuwandu hwekabhoni.Maatomu ecarbon anotsiva mamwe maatomu esimbi, achigadzira chimiro chekristaro chesimbi.ASTM 1008 igiredhi rakakwana repuraimari rine kabhoni yemukati kubva pa0% kusvika 0.10%.Zero inhamba yakakosha inopa yakasarudzika zvivakwa pane iyo yekupedzisira-yakaderera kabhoni yemukati musimbi.ASTM 1010 inotsanangura kabhoni yemukati kubva pa0.08% kusvika 0.13%.Misiyano iyi hairatidzike yakakura, asi yakakwana kuita mutsauko mukuru kune imwe nzvimbo.
Chechipiri, pombi dzesimbi dzinogona kugadzirwa kana kugadzirwa uye dzozogadziriswa mumatanho manomwe akasiyana ekugadzira.ASTM A513 maererano nekugadzirwa kweERW pombi inonyora marudzi manomwe:
Kana kemikari yakagadzirwa nesimbi uye matanho ekugadzirwa kwepombi isingakanganisi kuoma kwesimbi, zvino chii?Mhinduro kumubvunzo uyu inoreva kunyatsodzidza zvakadzama.Uyu mubvunzo unotungamira kune mimwe mibvunzo miviri: ndeapi ruzivo uye padyo sei?
Ruzivo rwakadzama pamusoro pezviyo zvinoumba simbi ndiyo mhinduro yekutanga.Kana simbi inogadzirwa muchigayo, haitonhori kuita muhombe nechinhu chimwe chete.Sezvo simbi inotonhora, mamorekuru ayo anoumba maitiro anodzokorora (makristasi), akafanana nemaumbirwo anoita mazaya echando.Mushure mekuumbwa kwemakristasi, anosanganiswa mumapoka anonzi zviyo.Sezvo tsanga dzacho dzichitonhora, dzinokura, dzichiumba pepa rose kana ndiro.Kukura kwezviyo kunomira kana morekuru rekupedzisira resimbi ratorwa netsanga.Izvi zvese zvinoitika padanho remicroscopic, iine tsanga yesimbi yepakati-kati inenge 64 microns kana 0.0025 inches mhiri.Nepo tsanga imwe neimwe yakafanana neinotevera, haina kufanana.Vanosiyana zvishoma kubva kune mumwe nemumwe muhukuru, kutaridzika, uye kabhoni yemukati.Kusangana pakati pezviyo kunonzi miganhu yezviyo.Apo simbi inokundikana, somuenzaniso nekuda kwekuneta kunotsemuka, inowanzokundikana pamiganhu yezviyo.
Iwe unofanirwa kutarisa padyo zvakadii kuti uone zvidimbu zvakasiyana?Kukwidziridzwa kwe100 times kana 100 nguva yekuona kweziso remunhu zvakakwana.Nekudaro, kungotarisa simbi yakasvibirira kune simba rechi100 haiite zvakawanda.Mienzaniso inogadzirwa nekupukuta sampuli uye kuisa pamusoro neasidhi, kazhinji nitric acid nedoro, iyo inonzi nitric acid etching.
Ndidzo zviyo uye latisi yavo yemukati iyo inotarisisa simba rekuita, MYS, UTS, uye kureba iyo simbi inogona kumira pamberi pekutadza.
Matanho ekugadzira simbi akadai sekupisa uye kutonhora tambo rolling kufambisa kushushikana kune chimiro chezviyo;kana vachigara vachichinja chimiro, izvi zvinoreva kuti kushushikana kwakakanganisa zviyo.Mamwe matanho ekugadzirisa akadai sekumonera simbi kuita makoiri, kusunungura uye kupfuura nepachubhu chigayo (kuumba chubhu nekukura) zvinokanganisa tsanga dzesimbi.Iyo inotonhora yekudhirowa kwepombi pane mandrel inosimbisawo zvinhu, sezvinoita matanho ekugadzira akadai sekupedzisa kuumba uye kukotama.Kuchinja kwezviyo kunonzi dislocations.
Matanho ari pamusoro apa anopedza simbi yesimbi, kugona kwayo kushingirira kusimba (kubvarura) kushushikana.Simbi inova brittle, zvinoreva kuti inowanzoputsika kana ukaramba uchishanda nesimbi.Elongation chimwe chikamu chepurasitiki (compressibility imwe).Izvo zvakakosha kuti unzwisise pano kuti kutadza kunowanzoitika mukushushikana, uye kwete mukumanikidza.Simbi inonyatso shingirira kune tensile stress nekuda kwekurebesa kwayo.Zvisinei, simbi inoshanduka nyore nyore pasi pekumanikidzika-inogadzika-zvinova zvakanakira.
Enzanisa izvi nekongiri, iyo ine yakanyanya kudzvinyirira simba asi yakaderera ductility.Zvinhu izvi zvinopesana nesimbi.Ichi ndicho chikonzero kongiri inoshandiswa kumigwagwa, zvivakwa uye migwagwa yemigwagwa inowanzosimbiswa.Mhedzisiro yacho chigadzirwa chine simba rezvose zviri zviviri: simbi yakasimba mukukakavadzana uye kongiri yakasimba mukumanikidza.
Munguva yekuoma, ductility yesimbi inoderera, uye kuoma kwayo kunowedzera.Nemamwe mashoko, inoomesa.Zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu, izvi zvinogona kuva zvakanakira, asi zvinogonawo kuva zvisingabatsiri, sezvo kuoma kwakaenzana nebrittleness.Iko ndiko kuti, iyo yakaoma iyo simbi, iyo yakaderera elastic iyo uye naizvozvo inowanzove yakakundikana.
Mune mamwe mazwi, nhanho imwe neimwe yemaitiro inoda imwe pombi ductility.Sezvo chikamu chacho chinogadziriswa, chinova chinorema, uye kana chakanyanya kurema, saka musimboti hachina maturo.Kuomarara ndiko brittleness, uye brittle machubhu anowanzo kutadza panguva yekushandiswa.
Ko mugadziri ane sarudzo mune iyi kesi?Muchidimbu, hongu.Sarudzo iyi iri kunetsa, uye kunyangwe isiri yemashiripiti chaiwo, inenge yemashiripiti sezvazvinogona.
Nemashoko akapfava, annealing inobvisa zvese zvinokonzeresa zvekukanganisa kwemuviri pasimbi.Muchiitiko ichi, simbi inopisa kune kugadzikana kwekunetseka kana kutonhora kwekristalllization, izvo zvinoguma nekubviswa kwekuparadzanisa.Saka, maitiro acho zvishoma kana kuti anodzoreredza ductility, zvichienderana nekudziya chaiyo uye nguva inoshandiswa mukuita annealing.
Anealing uye kudzorwa kutonhora kunokurudzira kukura kwezviyo.Izvi zvinobatsira kana chinangwa chiri chekudzikisa brittleness yezvinhu, asi kusingadzoreki kukura kwezviyo kunogona kupfavisa simbi zvakanyanya, zvichiita kuti isagone kushandiswa kwayo.Kumisa muitiro we annealing ndechimwe chinhu chine mashiripiti.Kudzima pane tembiricha yakakodzera neiyo yakakodzera kuomesa mumiriri panguva yakakodzera inokurumidza kumisa maitiro uye kudzoreredza zvinhu zvesimbi.
Tinofanira kusiya zvakaomeswa zvekuoma here?Aihwa.Izvo zvinhu zvekuoma zvakakosha, kutanga kune zvose, semutungamiri mukugadzirisa maitiro emapombi esimbi.Kuomarara kuyerwa kunobatsira uye chimwe chezvivakwa zvakati wandei zvinofanirwa kutsanangurwa paunenge uchiodha tubular zvinhu uye kutariswa pawatambira (dzakanyorwa pane imwe neimwe kutumira).Kana bvunzo yekuomarara ichishandiswa seyeyedzo chiyero, inofanirwa kunge iine chiyero chakakodzera chiyero uye kudzora miganhu.
Nekudaro, iyi haisi bvunzo yechokwadi yekupfuura (kubvuma kana kurambwa) kwezvinhu.Pamusoro pekuomarara, vagadziri vanofanirwa kutarisa kutumirwa nguva nenguva kuti vaone zvimwe zvinhu zvakakosha zvakaita seMYS, UTS, kana kurebesa kushoma, zvichienderana nekushandiswa kwepombi.
Wynn H. Kearns is responsible for regional sales for Indiana Tube Corp., 2100 Lexington Road, Evansville, IN 47720, 812-424-9028, wkearns@indianatube.com, www.indianatube.com.
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Muchikamu chechipiri chechikamu chedu chezvikamu zviviri naAdam Heffner, muridzi wechitoro cheNashville uye muvambi…
Nguva yekutumira: Jan-27-2023