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ASTM A240 304 316 Stainless Simbi Yepakati Gobvu Plate Inogona Kuchekwa Uye Yakagadzirirwa China Factory Mutengo

Chinyorwa Giredhi: 201/304/304l/316/316l/321/309s/310s/410/420/430/904l/2205/2507
Rudzi: Ferritic, Austenite, Martensite, Duplex
Tekinoroji: Kutonhora kwakatenderedzwa uye Kupisa kwakatenderedzwa
Certifications: ISO9001, CE, SGS gore rega rega
Service: Wechitatu bato bvunzo
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Stainless simbi isimbi ine alloy ine hushoma hweChromium inosvika 10.5 per cent.Chromium yemukati inoburitsa firimu rakatetepa rechromium oxide pamusoro pesimbi inonzi passivation layer.Iri danga rinodzivirira ngura kuti irege kuitika pamusoro pesimbi;iyo yakakura kuwanda kweChromium musimbi, ndiko kukura kwekusagadzikana kwekuora.

Simbi zvakare ine huwandu hwakasiyana hwezvimwe zvinhu zvakaita seCarbon, Silicon uye Manganese.Zvimwe zvinhu zvinogona kuwedzerwa kuwedzera corrosion resistance (Nickel) uye formability (Molybdenum).

Maitiro epamusoro kabhoni martensitic Stainless simbi (HCMSS) inosanganisira angangoita 22.5 vol.% carbides ine yakakwira yemukati yechromium (Cr) uye vanadium (V), yakagadziriswa neelectron beam melting (EBM).Iyo microstructure inoumbwa nemartensite uye yakasara austenite nhanho, submicron yakakwira V uye micron yakakwira Cr carbides yakagoverwa zvakaenzana, uye kuoma kwacho kwakakwira.CoF inodzikira neinenge 14.1% nekuwedzera yakatsiga mamiriro ekutakura nekuda kwekutamiswa kwezvinhu kubva ku track yakasakara kuenda kune inopikisa.Kuenzaniswa nemartensitic tool steels inobatwa nenzira imwe chete, chiyero chekupfeka cheHCMSS chinenge chakafanana pamitoro yakaderera inoshandiswa.Iyo inotungamira yekupfeka michina ndeyekubviswa kwesimbi matrix neabrasion inoteverwa neoxidation yekupfeka track, nepo matatu-chikamu abrasive kupfeka kunoitika nekuwedzera mutoro.Nzvimbo dzepurasitiki deformation pasi pevanga rekupfeka rakaonekwa nemuchinjika-chikamu chekuomarara mepu.Zviitiko chaizvo zvinoitika sezvo mamiriro ekupfeka anowedzera anotsanangurwa se carbide cracking, high vanadium carbide tearout, uye kufa kuputika.Tsvagiridzo iyi inoburitsa mwenje pakupfeka hunhu hweHCMSS yekuwedzera yekugadzira, iyo inogona kufambisa nzira yekugadzirwa kweEBM zvikamu zvekupfeka zvikumbiro kubva kushafts kusvika kumajekiseni epurasitiki.
Simbi isina simbi (SS) imhuri inosiyana-siyana yemasimbi anoshandiswa zvakanyanya muaerospace, mota, chikafu uye zvimwe zvakawanda zvinoshandiswa nekuda kwekureba kwavo kwekuora uye kwakakodzera michina zvivakwa1,2,3.Kuramba kwavo kwekuora kwakanyanya kunokonzerwa nehupamhi hwechromium (inopfuura 11.5 wt. %) muHC, iyo inobatsira pakuumbwa kwefirimu yeoxide ine chromium yakawanda pamusoro pepamusoro1.Nekudaro, magiredhi mazhinji esimbi asina simbi ane yakaderera kabhoni uye nekudaro ane mashoma kuomarara uye kusapfeka, zvichikonzera kuderedzwa kwehupenyu hwesevhisi mumidziyo inoenderana nekupfeka senge aerospace yekumhara zvikamu4.Kazhinji ivo vane kuomarara kwakaderera (mupakati pe180 kusvika 450 HV), kumwe kupisa kunorapwa martensitic simbi isina tsvina ine yakanyanya kuoma (kusvika 700 HV) uye yakakwira kabhoni yemukati (kusvika 1.2 wt%), iyo inogona kubatsira kune kuumbwa kwemartensite.1. Muchidimbu, high carbon content inoderedza martensitic shanduko yekushisa, zvichibvumira kuumbwa kwemartensitic microstructure yakazara uye kuwanikwa kweiyo kupfeka-resistant microstructure pamazinga akakwirira ekutonhora.Zvikamu zvakaoma (semuenzaniso, carbides) zvinogona kuwedzerwa kune simbi matrix kuti uwedzere kunatsiridza kupfeka kuramba kwekufa.
Kuunzwa kwekuwedzera kugadzira (AM) kunogona kuburitsa zvinhu zvitsva zvine inodiwa kuumbwa, microstructural maficha, uye yepamusoro mechanicha zvinhu5,6.Semuyenzaniso, kunyunguduka kwehupfu pamubhedha (PBF), imwe yeakanyanya kutengeserana ekuwedzera welding maitirwo, inosanganisira kuiswa kweiyo pre-alloyed poda kuti iumbe mativi akanyatso kuumbwa nekunyungudutsa hupfu uchishandisa zvinopisa zvinopisa senge lasers kana electron matanda7.Ongororo dzakati wandei dzakaratidza kuti zvidimbu zvesimbi zvakashongedzwa nesimbi zvinogona kudarika zvikamu zvinogadzirwa zvechinyakare.Semuyenzaniso, austenitic Stainless steels akaiswa paadditive processing akaratidzwa kuva ane super mechanical properties nekuda kwekunakisa microstructure (kureva, Hall-Petch relationships)3,8,9.Kurapa kwekupisa kwe AM-yakagadziriswa ferritic Stainless simbi inoburitsa mamwe madhiri anopa ma mechanic properties akafanana neayo akajairwa nawo3,10.Yakagamuchirwa mbiri-chikamu simbi isina tsvina ine simba rakawanda uye kuoma, inogadziriswa nekuwedzera kugadzirisa, uko yakagadziridzwa michina zvinhu inokonzerwa nechromium-rich intermetallic phases mu microstructure11.Uye zvakare, yakagadziridzwa ma mechanical properties ye additive hardened martensitic uye PH Stainless steels inogona kuwanikwa nekudzora yakachengetwa austenite mu microstructure uye optimizing machining uye kupisa kupisa parameters 3,12,13,14.
Parizvino, iyo tribological zvimiro zve AM austenitic simbi isina tsvina yakagamuchira kutariswa kwakawanda kupfuura mamwe masimbi asina tsvina.Iyo tribological maitiro ekunyungudika kwelaser muhupfu hwehupfu (L-PBF) yakabatwa ne316L yakadzidzwa sebasa re AM kugadzirisa paramita.Zvave zvichiratidzwa kuti kuderedza porosity nekuderedza scanning speed kana kuwedzera laser simba kunogona kuvandudza kupfeka kuramba15,16.Li et al.17 vakaedza sliding yakaoma kupfeka pasi pezvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana (mutoro, nguva yakawanda uye tembiricha) uye yakaratidza kuti tembiricha yekupfeka ndiyo inonyanya kupfeka michina, uku ichiwedzera kutsvedza nekukurumidza uye tembiricha inosimudzira oxidation.Iyo inokonzeresa oxide layer inovimbisa kushanda kweiyo kubereka, kukweshera kunoderera nekuwedzera tembiricha, uye chiyero chekupfeka chinowedzera pakupisa kwepamusoro.Mune zvimwe zvidzidzo, kuwedzera kweTiC18, TiB219, uye SiC20 zvimedu kune L-PBF yakabatwa 316L matrix yakagadziridzwa kupfeka kusagadzikana nekugadzira basa rakaomeswa rakaomeswa friction layer nekuwedzera kwevhoriyamu chikamu chezvikamu zvakaoma.A protective oxide layer yakaonekwawo muL-PBF12 yakabatwa PH simbi uye SS11 duplex simbi, zvichiratidza kuti kudzikamisa yakachengetwa austenite ne-post-heat treatment12 inogona kuvandudza kusakara.Sekupfupikiswa pano, zvinyorwa zvinonyanya kutariswa pakuita kwetribological ye316L SS yakatevedzana, nepo paine data diki pakuita kwetribological yeakateedzana emartensitic akawedzera kugadzirwa simbi isina tsvina ine yakakwira kabhoni yemukati.
Electron Beam Melting (EBM) inyanzvi yakafanana neL-PBF inokwanisa kugadzira microstructures ine refractory carbides yakadai seyakakwirira vanadium uye chromium carbides nekuda kwekukwanisa kwayo kusvika kune tembiricha yepamusoro uye scan rates 21, 22. Mabhuku aripo paEBM processing yestainless. simbi inonyanya kutariswa pakuona iyo yakakwana ELM yekugadzirisa ma paramita kuti awane microstructure isina kutsemuka uye pores uye kugadzirisa michina zvivakwa23, 24, 25, 26, uchishanda pane tribological zvimiro zveEBM yakabatwa simbi isina tsvina.Kusvika pari zvino, mapfekero e-high-carbon martensitic stainless steel yakabatwa neELR yakadzidzwa pasi pemamiriro mashoma, uye deformation yakaoma yepurasitiki yakanzi inoitika pasi peabrasive (sandpaper test), yakaoma, uye dope-rosion mamiriro27.
Chidzidzo ichi chakaongorora kusapfeka uye kukweshana kwepamusoro kabhoni martensitic simbi isina tsvina inobatwa neELR pasi pemamiriro akaoma ekutsvedza anotsanangurwa pazasi.Chekutanga, microstructural maficha aionekwa achishandisa scanning electron microscopy (SEM), simba dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction uye kuongorora mufananidzo.Iyo data yakawanikwa nenzira idzi inozoshandiswa sehwaro hwekucherechedzwa kwehunhu hwematribological kuburikidza nekuoma kudzoreredza bvunzo pasi pemitoro yakasiyana-siyana, uye pakupedzisira iyo yakasakara pamusoro morphology inoongororwa uchishandisa SEM-EDX uye laser profilometers.Mwero wekupfeka wakaverengerwa uye ukaenzaniswa nesimbi dzakafanana dzakabatwa martensitic tool.Izvi zvakaitwa kuitira kuti pave nehwaro hwekuenzanisa iyi SS system neanowanzo shandiswa mapfekero masisitimu ane mhando imwechete yekurapa.Chekupedzisira, mepu-yechikamu mepu yenzira yekupfeka inoratidzwa uchishandisa kuomarara kwemepu algorithm inoratidza deformation yepurasitiki inoitika panguva yekusangana.Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti tribological bvunzo dzechidzidzo ichi yakaitwa kuti tinzwisise zviri nani tribological ehupfumi ichi chitsva, uye kwete kutevedzera chaiyo application.Ichi chidzidzo chinobatsira kunzwisiswa kuri nani kweiyo tribological maitiro eiyo nyowani inogadzirwa martensitic Stainless simbi yekupfeka maapplication ayo anoda kushanda munzvimbo dzakaoma.
Samples ye high carbon martensitic Stainless steel (HCMSS) yakabatwa neELR pasi pezita rechiratidzo Vibenite® 350 yakagadzirwa uye yakapihwa neVBN Components AB, Sweden.Iyo yezita kemikari inoumbwa yemuenzaniso: 1.9 C, 20.0 Cr, 1.0 Mo, 4.0 V, 73.1 Fe (wt.%).Kutanga, yakaoma sliding specimens (40 mm × 20 mm × 5 mm) yakagadzirwa kubva kune yakawanikwa rectangular specimens (42 mm × 22 mm × 7 mm) pasina chero post-thermal kurapwa uchishandisa magetsi discharge machining (EDM).Zvadaro sampuli dzakasimudzwa zvakatevedzana neSiC sandpaper ine saizi yezviyo 240 kusvika 2400 R kuti iwane kushata kwepamusoro (Ra) kweinenge 0.15 μm.Pamusoro pezvo, zvimisikidzo zveEBM-yakashongedzwa yakakwira-carbon martensitic tool simbi (HCMTS) ine zita rekuti makemikari anoumba 1.5 C, 4.0 Cr, 2.5 Mo, 2.5 W, 4.0 V, 85.5 Fe (wt. .%) (inozivikanwa se Vibenite® 150) Yakagadzirirwawo nenzira imwechete.HCMTS ine 8% carbides nehuwandu uye inongoshandiswa kuenzanisa HCMSS yekupfeka rate data.
Microstructural characterization yeHCMSS yakaitwa pachishandiswa SEM (FEI Quanta 250, USA) ine simba rekuparadzira X-ray (EDX) XMax80 detector kubva kuOxford Instruments.Matatu mafotomicrographs ane 3500 µm2 akatorwa ari backscattered electron (BSE) mode ndokuzoongororwa pachishandiswa mufananidzo ongororo (ImageJ®)28 kuona chidimbu chenzvimbo (kureva vhoriyamu chikamu), saizi uye chimiro.Nekuda kwekucherechedzwa kwehunhu morphology, chikamu chenzvimbo chakatorwa chakaenzana nechikamu chevhoriyamu.Uye zvakare, iyo chimiro che carbides chinoverengerwa uchishandisa chimiro factor equation (Shfa):
Pano Ai ndiyo nzvimbo yecarbide (µm2) uye Pi ndiyo inotenderera yecarbide (µm)29.Kuti uone zvikamu, upfu X-ray diffraction (XRD) yakaitwa uchishandisa X-ray diffractometer (Bruker D8 Discover neLynxEye 1D strip detector) neCo-Kα radiation (λ = 1.79026 Å).Skena saizi pamusoro peiyo 2θ kubva pa35 ° kusvika 130 ° ine nhanho saizi ye0.02 ° uye nhanho nguva yemasekonzi maviri.Iyo XRD data yakaongororwa pachishandiswa Diffract.EVA software, iyo yakagadziridza iyo crystallographic database muna 2021. Mukuwedzera, Vickers hardness tester (Struers Durascan 80, Austria) yakashandiswa kuona microhardness.Zvinoenderana neiyo ASTM E384-17 30 yakajairwa, makumi matatu maprints akaitwa pamasampuri akagadzirirwa metallographically mu 0.35 mm increments for 10 s pa 5 kgf.Vanyori vakamboratidzira iyo microstructural maficha eHCMTS31.
Bhora ndiro tribometer (Bruker Universal Mechanical Tester Tribolab, USA) yakashandiswa kuita bvunzo dzakaoma dzinodzokororwa dzekupfeka, magadzirirwo ayo akatsanangurwa kumwe kunhu31.Iwo bvunzo paramita ndeaya anotevera: zvinoenderana neyakajairwa 32 ASTM G133-05, mutoro 3 N, frequency 1 Hz, sitiroko 3 mm, nguva 1 awa.Mabhora eAluminium oxide (Al2O3, accuracy class 28/ISO 3290) ane dhayamita ye10 mm ane macrohardness angaita 1500 HV uye kukwasharara kwepamusoro (Ra) kunosvika 0.05 µm, akapihwa neRedhill Precision, Czech Republic, akashandiswa seanopikisa. .Kuenzanisa kwakasarudzwa kudzivirira mhedzisiro yeoxidation inogona kuitika nekuda kwekuenzanisa uye kuti unzwisise zvirinani mapfekero ezvienzaniso pasi pemamiriro akakomba ekupfeka.Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti bvunzo parameters zvakafanana Ref.8 kuitira kuenzanisa kupfeka chiyero data nezvidzidzo zviripo.Uye zvakare, nhevedzano yekudzoreredza bvunzo nemutoro we10 N yakaitwa kuti ione mashandiro etribological pamitoro yepamusoro, nepo mamwe ma parameter ebvunzo anoramba akamira.Mamiriro ekutanga ekusangana maererano neHertz ndeye 7.7 MPa uye 11.5 MPa pa3 N uye 10 N, zvichiteerana.Munguva yekuyedzwa kwekupfeka, simba rekukwenya rakanyorwa pane frequency ye45 Hz uye avhareji coefficient of friction (CoF) yakaverengerwa.Pamutoro wega wega, zviyero zvitatu zvakatorwa pasi pemamiriro ekunze.
Iyo yekupfeka trajectory yakaongororwa uchishandisa iyo SEM yakatsanangurwa pamusoro, uye EMF ongororo yakaitwa uchishandisa Aztec Acquisition wear surface analysis software.Nzvimbo yakasakara yecube yakapetwa yakaongororwa uchishandisa microscope yemaziso (Keyence VHX-5000, Japan).Isingabatike nelaser profiler (NanoFocus µScan, Germany) yakapenengura chiratidzo chekupfeka nechigadziriso chakatwasuka che ±0.1 µm padyo neakisi z uye 5 µm pamwe nematemo x uye y.Mepu yakapfekwa pamusoro peprofile mepu yakagadzirwa muMatlab® ichishandisa x, y, z marongero akawanikwa kubva pazviyero zveprofile.Maprofiles akati wandei akatwasuka kubva pamepu yepamusoro anoshandiswa kuverenga kurasikirwa kwevhoriyamu munzira yekupfeka.Kurasikirwa kwevhoriyamu kwakaverengerwa sechigadzirwa chezvinoreva muchinjiko-chikamu nharaunda yewaya mbiri uye kureba kweiyo track yekupfeka, uye mamwe maidi eiyi nzira akambotsanangurwa nevanyori33.Kubva pano, iyo chaiyo yekupfeka mwero (k) inowanikwa kubva kune inotevera fomula:
Pano V ndiko kurasikirwa kwevhoriyamu nekuda kwekupfeka (mm3), W ndiyo inoiswa mutoro (N), L ndiyo inotsvedza chinhambwe (mm), uye k ndiyo chaiyo yekupfeka mwero (mm3/Nm)34.Friction data nemamepu epamusoro eHCMTS anosanganisirwa mune zvekuwedzera (Supplementary Figure S1 uye Figure S2) kuenzanisa HCMSS mapfekero mareti.
Muchidzidzo ichi, mepu yekuomarara kwechikamu chenzira yekupfeka yakashandiswa kuratidza maitiro epurasitiki ekuchinja (kureva kuomarara kwebasa nekuda kwekumanikidzwa kwekubata) kwenzvimbo yekupfeka.Iwo akakwenenzverwa samples akachekwa nealuminium oxide yekucheka vhiri pamushini wekucheka (Struers Accutom-5, Austria) uye akakwenenzverwa neSiC sandpaper mamakisi kubva pa240 kusvika 4000 P pamwe neukobvu hwemasampuli.Microhardness kuyerwa pa 0.5 kgf 10 s uye 0.1 mm chinhambwe zvinoenderana neASTM E348-17.Madhindi akaiswa pane 1.26 × 0.3 mm2 rectangular grid ingangoita 60 µm pazasi pepamusoro (Mufananidzo 1) uyezve mepu yekuomarara yakapihwa pachishandiswa tsika Matlab® kodhi yakatsanangurwa kumwewo35.Mukuwedzera, iyo microstructure yemuchinjikwa chikamu chekupfeka nzvimbo yakaongororwa uchishandisa SEM.
Schematic yechiratidzo chekupfeka chinoratidza nzvimbo yechikamu chemuchinjikwa (a) uye optical micrograph yemepu yekuomarara inoratidza mucherechedzo wakatarwa muchikamu chemuchinjikwa (b).
Iyo microstructure yeHCMSS inobatwa neELP ine homogeneous carbide network yakakomberedzwa nematrix (Fig. 2a, b).Ongororo yeEDX yakaratidza kuti grey uye yakasviba carbides yaive chromium uye vanadium rich carbides, zvichiteerana (Table 1).Yakaverengwa kubva pakuongorora kwemufananidzo, chikamu chevhoriyamu che carbides chinofungidzirwa kuva ~ 22.5% (~ 18.2% high chromium carbides uye ~ 4.3% high vanadium carbides).Avhareji yezviyo saizi ine zvakajairwa kutsauka ndeye 0.64 ± 0.2 µm uye 1.84 ± 0.4 µm yeV uye Cr rich carbides, zvichiteerana (Fig. 2c, d).Yakakwira V carbides inoita kunge yakatenderedzwa nechimiro chechimiro (± SD) chingangoita 0.88±0.03 nekuti chimiro chechimiro chakakosha padyo ne1 chinowirirana nematenderedzwa carbides.Kusiyana neizvi, high chromium carbides haina kunyatso kutenderera, ine chimiro chechimiro chingangoita 0.56 ± 0.01, izvo zvinogona kunge zvichikonzerwa nekusangana.Martensite (α, bcc) uye yakachengetedza austenite (γ ', fcc) diffraction peaks yakaonekwa paHCMSS X-ray pattern sezvinoratidzwa mumufananidzo 2e.Mukuwedzera, iyo X-ray muenzaniso inoratidza kuvapo kwechipiri carbides.Yakakwira chromium carbides yakaonekwa seM3C2 uye M23C6 mhando carbides.Maererano nezvinyorwa zvinyorwa, 36,37,38 diffraction peaks yeVC carbides yakanyorwa pa ≈43 ° uye 63 °, zvichiratidza kuti zvikwata zveVC zvakavharwa neM23C6 peaks ye chromium-rich carbides (Fig. 2e).
Microstructure yehigh-carbon martensitic stainless steel yakabatwa neEBL (a) pakukudza yakaderera uye (b) pakukwidziridzwa kwepamusoro, ichiratidza chromium uye vanadium rich carbides uye stainless steel matrix (electron backscattering mode).Bhara magirafu anoratidza saizi yezviyo kugoverwa kwechromium-rich (c) uye vanadium-rich (d) carbides.Iyo X-ray pateni inoratidza kuvepo kwemartensite, yakachengetwa austenite uye carbides mune microstructure (d).
Avhareji microhardness ndeye 625.7 + 7.5 HV5, ichiratidza kuomarara kwakanyanya kana ichienzaniswa neyakagadzirwa martensitic Stainless simbi (450 HV)1 pasina kupisa kupisa.Iyo nanoindentation kuomarara kwepamusoro V carbides uye yakakwirira Cr carbides inonzi iri pakati pe12 ne32.5 GPa39 uye 13–22 GPa40, zvichiteerana.Nokudaro, kuoma kwepamusoro kweHCMSS inobatwa neELP kunokonzerwa nepamusoro kabhoni, iyo inokurudzira kuumbwa kwe carbide network.Saka, HSMSS inorapwa neELP inoratidza yakanaka microstructural hunhu uye kuoma pasina imwe yekuwedzera post-thermal kurapwa.
Macurves eavhareji coefficient of friction (CoF) yemasamples pa3 N uye 10 N anoratidzwa muMufananidzo 3, huwandu hwehushoma uye hwakanyanya kukweshera hwaro hunoiswa chiratidzo che translucent shading.Imwe neimwe curve inoratidza kumhanya-muchikamu uye yakatsiga mamiriro.Iyo yekumhanya-muchikamu inopera pa1.2 m neCoF (± SD) ye0.41 ± 0.24.3 N uye pa3.7 m ine CoF ye0.71 ± 0.16.10 N, isati yapinda muchikamu chakadzikama kana friction yamira.haichinje nekukurumidza.Nekuda kwenzvimbo diki yekusangana uye hutsinye hwekutanga deformation yepurasitiki, simba rekukwesha rakawedzera nekukurumidza panguva yekumhanya-mudanho pa3 N uye 10 N, uko kwakakwira friction simba uye kureba kutsvedza chinhambwe chakaitika pa10 N, izvo zvingave zvakafanira. kune chokwadi chekuti Kuenzaniswa ne3 N, kukuvara kwepasi kwakakwira.Kune 3 N uye 10 N, iyo CoF kukosha muchikamu chekumira ndeye 0.78 ± 0.05 uye 0.67 ± 0.01, zvichiteerana.CoF inenge yakagadzikana pa10 N uye inowedzera zvishoma nezvishoma pa 3 N. Muzvinyorwa zvishoma, CoF yeL-PBF yaibata simbi isina tsvina kana ichienzaniswa nemitumbi yekeramic reaction pamitoro yakaderera inoshandiswa kubva pa0.5 kusvika ku0.728, 20, 42, iyo iri mukati. chibvumirano chakanaka neyakayerwa CoF kukosha muchidzidzo ichi.Kudzikira kweCOF nekuremerwa kwemutoro munzvimbo yakadzikama (inenge 14.1%) kunogona kuve kwakakonzerwa nekushatisa kwepasi kunoitika pakusangana pakati penzvimbo yakasakara neyakapfava, izvo zvichazokurukurwa zvakare muchikamu chinotevera kuburikidza nekuongororwa kwenzvimbo. sampuli dzakasakara.
Friction coefficients yeVSMSS mienzaniso inobatwa neELP panzira dzinotsvedza pa3 N uye 10 N, nhanho yakamira inomakwa kune yega yega curve.
Iyo chaiyo yekupfeka mitengo yeHKMS (625.7 HV) inofungidzirwa pa 6.56 ± 0.33 × 10-6 mm3 / Nm uye 9.66 ± 0.37 × 10-6 mm3 / Nm pa 3 N uye 10 N, maererano (Fig. 4).Nokudaro, chiyero chekupfeka chinowedzera nekuwedzera mutoro, izvo zviri muchibvumirano chakanaka nezvidzidzo zviripo pa austenite inorapwa neL-PBF uye PH SS17,43.Pasi pemamiriro akafanana e tribological, chiyero chekupfeka pa 3 N chinenge chikamu chimwe muzvishanu icho che austenitic Stainless simbi inobatwa neL-PBF (k = 3.50 ± 0.3 × 10–5 mm3/Nm, 229 HV), sezvakaitika kare. .8. Mukuwedzera, chiyero chekupfeka cheHCMSS pa 3 N chakanga chakaderera zvakanyanya kudarika zvakagadziriswa austenitic stainless steels uye, kunyanya, yakakwirira kudarika yakanyanya isotropic yakamanikidzwa (k = 4.20 ± 0.3 × 10-5 mm3)./Nm, 176 HV) uye kukandira (k = 4.70 ± 0.3 × 10–5 mm3/Nm, 156 HV) yakagadzirwa austenitic simbi isina tsvina, 8, zvichiteerana.Zvichienzaniswa nezvidzidzo izvi mumabhuku, kukwidziridzwa kwekupfeka kweHCMSS kunonzi kune yakakwira kabhoni yemukati uye iyo yakaumbwa carbide network inokonzeresa kuomarara kwepamusoro pane kuwedzera machina austenitic simbi isina tsvina yakajairwa.Kuti uenderere mberi nekudzidza chiyero chekupfeka kweHCMSS specimens, yakafanana yakagadzirwa high carbon martensitic tool steel (HCMTS) specimen (ine kuoma kwe790 HV) yakaedzwa pasi pemamiriro akafanana (3 N uye 10 N) kuenzanisa;Supplementary material ndiyo HCMTS Surface Profile Mepu (Supplementary Figure S2).Kupfeka kweHCMSS (k = 6.56 ± 0.34 × 10–6 mm3/Nm) kwakada kufanana neHCMTS pa3 N (k = 6.65 ± 0.68 × 10–6 mm3/Nm), inoratidza kusada kupfeka. .Aya maitiro anonyanya kukonzerwa ne microstructural features yeHCMSS (kureva high carbide content, size, shape and distribution of carbide particles mumatrix, sezvinotsanangurwa muChikamu 3.1).Sezvakambotaurwa31,44, iyo carbide yemukati inokanganisa hupamhi nekudzika kwevanga rekupfeka uye magadzirirwo eiyo micro-abrasive kupfeka.Nekudaro, iyo carbide yemukati haina kukwana kudzivirira kufa pa10 N, zvichikonzera kuwedzera kupfeka.Muchikamu chinotevera, kupfeka kwepamusoro morphology uye topography inoshandiswa kutsanangura mapfekero epasi uye deformation maitiro anokanganisa chiyero chekupfeka kweHCMSS.Pa10 N, chiyero chekupfeka kweVCMSS (k = 9.66 ± 0.37 × 10-6 mm3 / Nm) yakakwirira kudarika yeVKMTS (k = 5.45 ± 0.69 × 10-6 mm3 / Nm).Kusiyana neizvi, mapfekero aya achiri akanyanya kukwirira: pasi pemamiriro ebvunzo akafanana, chiyero chekupfeka chejasi chakavakirwa pachromium uye stellite chakaderera pane icho cheHCMSS45,46.Pakupedzisira, nekuda kwekuoma kwakanyanya kwealumina (1500 HV), chiyero chekupfeka kwekubatana chakanga chisingakoshi uye zviratidzo zvekutamisa zvinhu kubva kumuenzaniso kuenda kumabhora ealuminium zvakawanikwa.
Kunyanya kupfeka muELR machining epamusoro kabhoni martensitic simbi isina tsvina (HMCSS), ELR machining epamusoro kabhoni martensitic chishandiso simbi (HCMTS) uye L-PBF, kukanda uye yakakwirira isotropic kudzvanya (HIP) machining e austenitic stainless simbi (316LSS) pakushandisa kwakasiyana. kumhanya kunotakurwa.The scatterplot inoratidza kutsauka kwechiyero chezviyero.Dhata yeaustenitic simbi isina tsvina inotorwa kubva ku8.
Nepo hardfacings senge chromium uye stellite inogona kupa zvirinani kupfeka kuramba pane yekuwedzera machined alloy masisitimu, yekuwedzera machining inogona (1) kunatsiridza microstructure, kunyanya kune zvinhu zvine huwandu hwakasiyana hukuru.mashandiro pachikamu chekupedzisira;uye (3) kusikwa kwematopology matsva epamusoro senge akasanganiswa fluid dynamic bearings.Uye zvakare, AM inopa geometric dhizaini inoshanduka.Ichi chidzidzo chakanyanya tsvarakadenga uye chakakosha kujekesa mapfekero eaya achangobva kugadzirwa masimbi alloys ane EBM, ayo ezvino zvinyorwa zvishoma.
Iyo morphology yenzvimbo yakasakara uye morphology yemasampuli akasakara pa3 N inoratidzwa mufig.5, uko nzira huru yekupfeka ndeye abrasion inoteverwa neoxidation.Kutanga, iyo substrate yesimbi inokanganiswa nepurasitiki uye yozobviswa kuti iite grooves 1 kusvika 3 µm yakadzika, sezvakaratidzwa mumufananidzo wepamusoro (Fig. 5a).Nekuda kwekudziya kwekupisa kunoitwa nekuramba kuchitsvedza, iyo yakabviswa inoramba iri painterface ye tribological system, ichigadzira tribological layer ine zvitsuwa zvidiki zvesimbi oxide zvakatenderedza yakakwira chromium uye vanadium carbides (Mufananidzo 5b uye Tafura 2).), sezvakataurwawo kune austenitic simbi isina tsvina yakabatwa neL-PBF15,17.Pamusoro pemuonde.5c inoratidza yakanyanya oxidation inoitika pakati pevanga.Nokudaro, kuumbwa kwechikwata chekuputika kunofambiswa nekuparadzwa kwechikwata chekuputika (kureva, oxide layer) (Fig. 5f) kana kubviswa kwezvinhu kunoitika munzvimbo dzisina simba mukati me microstructure, nokudaro kukurumidza kubviswa kwezvinhu.Muzviitiko zvose izvi, kuparadzwa kwechikwata chekuputika kunotungamirira pakuumbwa kwezvigadzirwa zvekupfeka pamusangano, izvo zvingava chikonzero chechimiro chekuwedzera kweCoF mumamiriro ekugadzirisa 3N (Fig. 3).Mukuwedzera, pane zviratidzo zvezvikamu zvitatu zvakapfeka zvinokonzerwa neoxides uye kusununguka kupfeka zvimedu pamutambo wekupfeka, izvo zvinotungamirira pakuumbwa kwe micro-scratches pa substrate (Fig. 5b, e) 9,12,47.
Surface profile (a) uye mafotomicrographs (b-f) ekupfeka pamusoro morphology ye-high-carbon martensitic stainless steel yakabatwa neELP pa 3 N, cross-section of the wear mark muBSE mode (d) uye optical microscopy yekupfeka. pamusoro pa 3 N (g) alumina spheres.
Slip mabhandi akaumbwa pane substrate yesimbi, zvichiratidza deformation yepurasitiki nekuda kwekupfeka (Fig. 5e).Mibairo yakafanana yakawanikwawo muongororo yekupfeka maitiro eSS47 austenitic simbi yakabatwa neL-PBF.Kugadziriswa kwevanadium-rich carbides kunoratidzawo kushanduka kwepurasitiki yesimbi matrix panguva yekutsvedza (Fig. 5e).Micrographs yemuchinjikwa wechiratidzo chekupfeka inoratidza kuvapo kwemakomba maduku akakomberedzwa ne microcracks (Fig. 5d), iyo inogona kunge yakakonzerwa nekunyanyisa kwepurasitiki deformation pedyo nechepamusoro.Kuendeswa kwezvinhu kune aluminium oxide spheres kwaive kushoma, nepo mativi akasara asina kusimba (Fig. 5g).
Upamhi uye kudzika kwekupfeka kwemasampuli kwakawedzera nekuwedzera mutoro (pa10 N), sezvinoratidzwa mupepu yepepu yepamusoro (Fig. 6a).Abrasion uye oxidation ichiri nzira dzakanyanya kupfeka, uye kuwedzera kwenhamba ye micro-scratches pamutambo wezvokupfeka kunoratidza kuti matatu-chikamu kupfeka kunoitikawo pa10 N (Fig. 6b).EDX kuongororwa kwakaratidza kuumbwa kwesimbi-rich oxide zvitsuwa.IAl peaks mu spectra yakasimbisa kuti kuendeswa kwechinhu kubva kune mumwe kune sampuli kwakaitika pa 10 N (Fig. 6c uye Tafura 3), nepo isina kuonekwa pa 3 N (Tafura 2).Kupfeka-miviri mitatu kunokonzerwa nekupfeka zvimedu kubva kune oxide zvitsuwa uye analogis, uko yakadzama EDX kuongororwa kwakaratidza zvinhu zvinotakura kubva kune analogs (Supplementary Figure S3 uye Tafura S1).Kubudirira kwezvitsuwa zve oxide kunobatanidzwa nemakomba akadzika, ayo anoonekwawo mu3N (Fig. 5).Kutsemuka uye kupatsanurwa kwecarbides kunonyanya kuitika mu carbides yakapfuma mu10 N Cr (Fig. 6e, f).Uye zvakare, yakakwira V carbides flake uye inopfeka iyo yakatenderedza matrix, iyo inozokonzeresa matatu-chikamu kupfeka.Gomba rakafanana nehukuru uye chimiro kune chepamusoro V carbide (yakasimbiswa mudenderedzwa dzvuku) yakaonekwawo muchikamu chemuchinjikwa chenzira (Fig. 6d) (ona carbide size uye chimiro chekuongorora. 3.1), zvichiratidza kuti V carbide V can flake off the matrix at 10 N. The round shape of high V carbides anobatsira pakudhonza, ukuwo agglomerated high Cr carbides anowanzoita kuputika (Fig. 6e, f).Uhu hutsika hwekukundikana hunoratidza kuti matrix yakapfuura kukwanisa kwayo kutsungirira plastiki deformation uye kuti microstructure haina kupa simba rakakwana rekuita pa 10 N. Vertical cracking pasi pepamusoro (Fig. 6d) inoratidza kusimba kwepurasitiki deformation inoitika panguva yekutsvedza.Sezvo mutoro unowedzera kune kuendeswa kwezvinhu kubva kune yakasakara track kusvika kune alumina bhora (Fig. 6g), iyo inogona kuva yakadzikama mamiriro pa 10 N. Chikonzero chikuru chekuderera kweCoF values ​​​​(Fig. 3).
Surface profile (a) uye mafotomicrographs (b-f) eyakasakara pamusoro petopography (b-f) yehigh-carbon martensitic stainless steel yakabatwa neEBA pa10 N, pfeka track cross-section muBSE mode (d) uye optical microscope surface. yealumina sphere pa10 N (g).
Munguva yekutsvedza kupfeka, iyo nzvimbo inoiswa pasi peantibody-induced compressive uye shear stress, zvichikonzera yakakura deformation yepurasitiki pasi peyakapfekwa pamusoro34,48,49.Naizvozvo, kuomesera kwekushanda kunogona kuitika pazasi pepamusoro nekuda kwepurasitiki deformation, inokanganisa mapfekero uye deformation maitiro anotaridza mapfekero echinhu.Naizvozvo, kuchinjika-sectional kuomarara mepu (sezvinotsanangurwa muChikamu 2.4) yakaitwa muchidzidzo ichi kuti ione kuvandudzwa kwenzvimbo yepurasitiki deformation (PDZ) pazasi penzira yekupfeka sebasa remutoro.Sezvo, sezvakataurwa muzvikamu zvakapfuura, zviratidzo zvakajeka zvekugadzirwa kwepurasitiki zvakaonekwa pasi pekupfeka (Fig. 5d, 6d), kunyanya pa10 N.
Pamusoro pemuonde.Mufananidzo 7 unoratidza dhayagiramu yekuomarara-chikamu chekupfeka mamaki eHCMSS inobatwa neELP pa3 N uye 10 N. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti aya mahurema akaomeswa akashandiswa seindex kuongorora mhedzisiro yekuoma kwebasa.Kuchinja kwekuoma pasi pechiratidzo chekupfeka kunobva ku667 kusvika ku672 HV pa 3 N (Fig. 7a), zvichiratidza kuti basa rakaoma harina basa.Sezvingabvira, nekuda kwekushomeka kwemepu yekuomarara (kureva chinhambwe chiri pakati pemamaki), nzira yekuyera kuomarara yakashandiswa haina kukwanisa kuona shanduko mukuoma.Kusiyana neizvi, nzvimbo dzePDZ dzine hurema hunokosha kubva pa677 kusvika ku686 HV nehupamhi hwehupamhi hwe118 µm uye kureba kwe488 µm dzakaonekwa pa10 N (Fig. 7b), iyo inopindirana nehupamhi hwekupfeka track ( Mufananidzo 6a)).Data rakafanana pakusiyana kwehukuru hwePDZ nemutoro wakawanikwa muchidzidzo chekupfeka paSS47 yakarapwa neL-PBF.Mhedzisiro yacho inoratidza kuti kuvepo kweakachengetwa austenite kunokanganisa ductility yeakawedzera yakagadzirwa simbi 3, 12, 50, uye yakachengetwa austenite inoshandura kuita martensite panguva yepurasitiki deformation (plastiki mhedzisiro yechikamu shanduko), iyo inosimudzira basa kuoma kwesimbi.simbi 51. Sezvo sampuli yeVCMSS ine yakachengetwa austenite maererano ne-X-ray diffraction pattern yakakurukurwa kare (Fig. 2e), yakanzi yakachengetwa austenite mu microstructure inogona kuchinja kuva martensite panguva yekubatana, nokudaro kuwedzera kuoma kwePDZ ( Mufananidzo 7b).Uye zvakare, kuumbwa kwekutsvedza kunoitika pakupfeka track (Fig. 5e, 6f) inoratidzawo deformation yepurasitiki inokonzerwa ne dislocation slip pasi pechiito cheshear stress pakutsvedza kubata.Zvisinei, shear stress inokonzerwa ne3 N yakanga isina kukwana kuti ibudise kusvibiswa kwepamusoro-soro kana kuchinjwa kwekuchengetedza austenite kune martensite yakaonekwa nenzira yakashandiswa, saka kuoma kwebasa kwakaonekwa chete pa10 N (Fig. 7b).
Muchinjikwa-sectional kuomarara madhayagiramu ekupfeka tracks e-high-carbon martensitic stainless steel akaiswa mumagetsi ekubuda machining pa 3 N (a) uye 10 N (b).
Ichi chidzidzo chinoratidza kupfeka maitiro uye microstructural hunhu hweiyo yakakwira kabhoni martensitic simbi isina tsvina inobatwa neELR.Dry wear bvunzo dzakaitwa mukutsvedza pasi pemitoro yakasiyana-siyana, uye masampuli akasakara akaongororwa achishandisa electron microscopy, laser profilometer uye kuoma kwemamepu emuchinjiko-zvikamu zvezvipfeko zvekupfeka.
Microstructural analysis yakaratidza kugoverwa kwakafanana kwecarbides nehupamhi hwekromium (~ 18.2% carbides) uye vanadium (~ 4.3% carbides) mumatrix emartensite uye yakachengetedza austenite ine microhardness yakakura.Iyo inonyanya kupfeka michina ndeyekupfeka uye oxidation pamitoro yakaderera, nepo kupfeka-miviri mitatu kunokonzerwa neyakatambanudzwa yakakwira-V carbides uye yakasununguka zviyo oxides inobatsirawo kupfeka pakuwedzera mitoro.Mwero wekupfeka uri nani pane L-PBF uye akajairwa muchina austenitic simbi isina tsvina, uye yakatofanana neiyo yeEBM muchina maturusi masimbi pamitoro yakaderera.Iko kukosha kweCoF kunodzikira nekuwedzera mutoro nekuda kwekuendeswa kwezvinhu kune wakatarisana muviri.Uchishandisa muchinjika-chikamu kuomarara mepu nzira, iyo yepurasitiki deformation zone inoratidzwa pazasi pechiratidzo chekupfeka.Kukwenenzverwa kwezviyo uye shanduko yechikamu mumatrix inogona kuongororwa zvakare uchishandisa electron backscatter diffraction kuti unzwisise zviri nani mhedzisiro yekuomesa basa.Iyo yakaderera resolution yeiyo microhardness mepu haitenderi kutaridzika kwekuomarara kwenzvimbo kune yakaderera yakashandiswa mitoro, saka nanoindentation inogona kupa yakakwira kugadzirisa kuoma shanduko uchishandisa nzira imwechete.
Ichi chidzidzo chinopa kekutanga kuongororwa kwakadzama kwekuramba kupfeka uye kukakavara kwemhando nyowani yakakwira kabhoni martensitic simbi isina tsvina inobatwa neELR.Tichifunga nezve geometric dhizaini rusununguko rwe AM uye mukana wekudzikisa machining nhanho ne AM, tsvakiridzo iyi inogona kufambisa nzira yekugadzirwa kwechinhu chitsva ichi uye kushandiswa kwayo mumidziyo inoenderana nekupfeka kubva kumashafts kuenda kumajekiseni epurasitiki ane yakaoma kutonhora chiteshi.
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