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Kuvapo kwesimbi dzinoburitswa nemwaranzi yemicrowave kune gakava nekuti simbi dzinobatidza zviri nyore.Asi chinonakidza ndechekuti vaongorori vakawana kuti iyo arc discharge phenomenon inopa inovimbisa nzira ye synthesis yema nanomaterials nekutsemura mamorekuru.Ichi chidzidzo chiri kugadzira nhanho imwe asi inokwanisika yekugadzira nzira inosanganisa kupisa kwemicrowave uye arc yemagetsi kushandura mafuta emuchindwe asina kuchena kuita magineti nanocarbon (MNC), inogona kutorwa seimwe nzira nyowani yekugadzira mafuta emichindwe.Inosanganisira kuumbwa kwesvikiro ine tambo yesimbi isina simbi yakakuvara zvachose (dielectric medium) uye ferrocene (catalyst) pasi pemamiriro asina kukwana.Iyi nzira yakave yakabudirira kuratidzwa kwekupisa mukati mekushisa kubva 190.9 kusvika 472.0 ° C nenguva dzakasiyana-siyana dzekugadzirisa (10-20 min).MNCs ichangobva kugadzirwa yakaratidza mativi ane avhareji saizi ye20.38–31.04 nm, a mesoporous chimiro (SBET: 14.83–151.95 m2/g) uye yakakwira yeyakagadziriswa kabhoni (52.79–71.24 wt.%), pamwe neD uye G. mabhendi (ID/g) 0.98–0.99.Kuumbwa kwenhongonya nyowani muFTIR spectrum (522.29-588.48 cm-1) inopupurira kuvepo kweFeO makomisheni muferrocene.Magnetometers anoratidza yakakwira magnetization saturation (22.32–26.84 emu/g) mune ferromagnetic zvinhu.Kushandiswa kweMNCs mukurapwa kwemvura yakasviba kwakaratidzwa nekuongorora adsorption yavo yekushandisa vachishandisa methylene blue (MB) adsorption bvunzo pane dzakasiyana siyana kubva pa5 kusvika 20 ppm.MNCs yakawanikwa panguva yekubatanidza (20 min) yakaratidza yakanakisa adsorption performance (10.36 mg / g) ichienzaniswa nevamwe, uye iyo MB yekubvisa dhayi mwero yaive 87.79%.Naizvozvo, Langmuir hunhu hauna tarisiro kana uchienzaniswa neFreundlich hunhu, neR2 ichive ingangoita 0.80, 0.98 uye 0.99 yemaMNCs akagadzirwa pagumi min (MNC10), 15 min (MNC15) uye 20 min (MNC20) zvichiteerana.Nekuda kweizvozvo, iyo adsorption system iri mune heterogeneous mamiriro.Naizvozvo, microwave arcing inopa nzira inovimbisa yekushandura CPO kuita MNC, inogona kubvisa dhayi dzinokuvadza.
Microwave radiation inogona kupisa iyo yemukati-kati yezvishandiso kuburikidza nekusangana kwema molecular emagetsi emagetsi.Iyi microwave inopindura yakasarudzika pakuti inosimudzira kukurumidza uye yunifomu yekupisa mhinduro.Nekudaro, zvinokwanisika kukurumidza kupisa maitiro uye kuwedzera kemikari maitiro2.Panguva imwecheteyo, nekuda kwekupfupika kwekuita nguva, iyo microwave reaction inogona pakupedzisira kuburitsa zvigadzirwa zvekuchena kwepamusoro uye goho repamusoro3,4.Nekuda kwehunhu hwayo hunoshamisa, microwave radiation inofambisa inonakidza microwave syntheses iyo inoshandiswa muzvidzidzo zvakawanda, kusanganisira kemikari kuita uye synthesis ye nanomaterials5,6.Munguva yekupisa, iyo dielectric zvimiro zveanogamuchira mukati mepakati inoita basa rakasarudzika, sezvo inogadzira nzvimbo inopisa mukati, iyo inotungamira mukuumbwa kwenanocarbons ine akasiyana morphologies uye zvivakwa.Chidzidzo chakaitwa naOmoriyekomwan et al.Kugadzirwa kwegomba kabhoni nanofibers kubva pamichindwe kernels uchishandisa activated kabhoni uye nitrogen8.Pamusoro pezvo, Fu naHamid vakasarudza kushandiswa kwechikonzero chekugadzirwa kweoiri palm fiber activated kabhoni mu350 W9 microwave oveni.Naizvozvo, nzira yakafanana inogona kushandiswa kushandura mafuta emuchindwi asina kuomeswa kuita maMNCs nekuunza ma scavenger akakodzera.
Chinhu chinonakidza chakaonekwa pakati peiyo microwave radiation uye simbi dzine mipendero yakapinza, madots kana submicroscopic irregularities10.Kuvapo kwezvinhu zviviri izvi kuchakanganiswa nearc yemagetsi kana spark (inowanzo kunzi arc discharge)11,12.Iyo arc inosimudzira kuumbwa kwenzvimbo dzinopisa dzinopisa uye kupesvedzera maitiro, nekudaro kuvandudza kemikari yezvakatipoteredza13.Ichi chaicho uye chinonakidza chiitiko chakwezva zvidzidzo zvakasiyana-siyana senge kubviswa kwetsvina14,15, biomass tar cracking16, microwave yakabatsira pyrolysis17,18 uye synthesis19,20,21.
Munguva pfupi yapfuura, nanocarbons senge kabhoni nanotubes, kabhoni nanospheres, uye yakagadziridzwa yakaderedzwa graphene oxide yakwezva kutarisa nekuda kwehunhu hwadzo.Aya nanocarbons ane mukana wakakura wekushandisa kubva pakugadzira magetsi kusvika pakuchenesa mvura kana kuchenesa23.Mukuwedzera, yakanakisa kabhoni midziyo inodiwa, asi panguva imwechete, yakanaka magineti zvinhu zvinodiwa.Izvi zvinobatsira zvakanyanya kune akawanda anoshanda maapplication anosanganisira yakakwira adsorption yesimbi ions uye dhayi mukurapwa kwemvura yetsvina, magineti modifiers mubiofuel uye kunyangwe yakanyanya kushanda zvakanaka microwave absorbers24,25,26,27,28.Panguva imwecheteyo, aya makabhoni ane imwe mukana, kusanganisira kuwedzera kwenzvimbo yesaiti inoshanda saiti.
Mumakore achangopfuura, kutsvagisa mune magineti nanocarbon zvinhu kwave kuwedzera.Kazhinji, aya magineti nanocarbons zvinhu zvinoshanda zvakawanda zvine nanosized magineti zvinhu zvinogona kukonzera ekunze catalyst kuita, sekunze kwemagetsi emagetsi kana kuchinjanisa magineti29.Nekuda kweiyo magineti maitiro, magineti nanocarbons anogona kusanganiswa neyakasiyana-siyana yeanoshanda zvimisikidzo uye yakaoma zvimiro zvekusafambisa30.Zvichakadaro, magineti nanocarbons (MNCs) anoratidza kugona kwakanyanya mukushambadza zvinosvibisa kubva kune aqueous mhinduro.Uye zvakare, iyo yakakwira chaiyo nzvimbo uye pores akaumbwa muMNCs anogona kuwedzera adsorption kugona31.Magnetic separators anogona kupatsanura MNCs kubva kune yakanyanya reactive mhinduro, achiashandura kuita inoshanda uye inogoneka sorbent32.
Vatsvagiri vakati wandei vakaratidza kuti mhando yepamusoro nanocarbons inogona kugadzirwa uchishandisa mbishi mafuta emuchindwe33,34.Mafuta emuchindwe, anozivikanwa nesainzi seElais Guneensis, anoonekwa seimwe yemafuta akakosha anodyiwa ane kugadzirwa kweanosvika 76.55 miriyoni matani muna 202135. Crude palm mafuta kana CPO ine chiyero chepakati cheunsaturated fatty acids (EFAs) uye saturated fatty acids. (Singapore Monetary Authority).Mazhinji emahydrocarboni muCPO triglycerides, glyceride inoumbwa nezvikamu zvitatu zvetriglyceride acetate uye chimwe cheglycerol component36.Aya ma hydrocarbons anogona kuve akajairwa nekuda kwekuwanda kwawo kwekabhoni, achiaita angave akasvibira ekutanga ekugadzira nanocarbon37.Zvinoenderana nezvinyorwa, CNT37,38,39,40, kabhoni nanospheres33,41 uye graphene34,42,43 zvinowanzogadzirwa uchishandisa crude mafuta emuchindwe kana mafuta anodyika.Aya nanocarbons ane kugona kukuru mukushandisa kubva pakugadzira magetsi kusvika pakuchenesa mvura kana kusvibisa.
Thermal synthesis yakadai seCVD38 kana pyrolysis33 yave nzira yakanaka yekuparara kwemafuta emichindwe.Nehurombo, tembiricha yepamusoro mukuita inowedzera mutengo wekugadzira.Kugadzira iyo yakasarudzika zvinhu 44 kunoda kureba, kunetesa maitiro uye nzira dzekuchenesa.Nekudaro, kudiwa kwekuparadzaniswa kwemuviri uye kutsemuka hazvirambike nekuda kwekugadzikana kwakanaka kwemafuta emuchindwe asina kuchena pakupisa kwepamusoro45.Naizvozvo, tembiricha yakakwira ichiri kudikanwa kushandura mafuta emuchindwe asina kuchena kuita kabhoni.Iyo yemvura arc inogona kutariswa seyakanyanya kugona uye nzira nyowani yekugadzira magineti nanocarbon 46.Iyi nzira inopa simba rakananga kune precursors uye zvigadziriso munzvimbo dzakanyanya kufara.Kubuda kwearc kunogona kukonzera kuti kabhoni zvisungo mumafuta emuchindwe zvityoke.Nekudaro, iyo electrode spacing inoshandiswa ingangoda kuzadzisa zvakaomesesa zvinodiwa, izvo zvinozodzikamisa chiyero cheindasitiri, saka nzira inoshanda ichiri kuda kugadzirwa.
Sekuziva kwedu, tsvakiridzo yearc discharge uchishandisa microwaves senzira yekugadzira nanocarbons ishoma.Panguva imwecheteyo, kushandiswa kwemafuta emuchindwe asina kuchena semugadzirirwo hauna kunyatsoongororwa.Naizvozvo, chidzidzo ichi chine chinangwa chekuongorora mukana wekugadzira magineti nanocarbons kubva kumafuta emuchindwe mbishi uchishandisa arc yemagetsi uchishandisa microwave oven.Kuwanda kwemafuta emichindwe kunofanirwa kuratidzwa muzvigadzirwa zvitsva uye kushandiswa.Iyi nzira nyowani yekunatsa mafuta emichindwe inogona kubatsira kusimudzira chikamu chehupfumi uye kuve imwe sosi yekuwana mari kune vanogadzira mafuta emichindwe, kunyanya kukanganisa minda yemafuta emichindwe yevarimi vadiki.Zvinoenderana neongororo yevarimi vadiki vemuAfrica yakaitwa naAyompe et al., varimi vadiki vanongowana mari yakawanda kana vakagadzira masumbu emichero matsva ivo pachavo uye kutengesa mafuta emuchindwe mbishi pane kuitengesa kune vepakati, rinova basa rinodhura uye rinonetesa47.Panguva imwecheteyo, kuwedzera kwekuvharwa kwefekitori nekuda kweCCIDID-19 kwakanganisa zvigadzirwa zvemafuta emichindwe.Sezvineiwo, sezvo mhuri zhinji dzichiwana maovheni emicrowave uye nzira yakatsanangurwa muchidzidzo ichi inogona kunzi inogoneka uye isingadhurike, kugadzirwa kweMNC kunogona kutariswa seimwe nzira yeminda midiki yemafuta emichindwe.Zvichakadaro, pamwero mukuru, makambani anogona kuisa mari mumareactor makuru kugadzira TNC hombe.
Ichi chidzidzo chinonyanya kuvharira maitiro ekugadzira uchishandisa simbi isina tsvina sedhirekitisi yepakati kwenguva dzakasiyana.Zvidzidzo zvizhinji zvenguva dzose zvinoshandisa mamicrowaves nemananocarbons zvinoratidza nguva inogamuchirika yemaminetsi makumi matatu kana kudarika33,34.Kuti titsigire pfungwa inoshanda inosvikika uye inogoneka, chidzidzo ichi chine chinangwa chekuwana maMNCs ane nguva dziri pasi peavhareji yekubatanidza.Panguva imwecheteyo, chidzidzo chinopenda mufananidzo wekugadzirira tekinoroji nhanho 3 sezvo dzidziso iri kuratidzwa uye kuitwa pachiyero cherabhoritari.Gare gare, maMNCs akaguma akaratidzwa nemuviri, makemikari, uye magineti maitiro.Methylene yebhuruu yakabva yashandiswa kuratidza adsorption kugona kwezvakaguma MNCs.
Mafuta emuchindwe asina kuchena akawanikwa kubva kuApas Balung Mill, Sawit Kinabalu Sdn.Bhd., Tawau, uye inoshandiswa secarbon precursor ye synthesis.Muchiitiko ichi, tambo yesimbi isina tsvina ine dhayamita ye 0.90 mm yakashandiswa se dielectric medium.Ferrocene (kuchena 99%), yakawanikwa kubva kuSigma-Aldrich, USA, yakasarudzwa sechinhu chinokurudzira mubasa iri.Methylene yebhuruu (Bendosen, 100 g) yakashandiswa zvakare pakuedza kwekushambadza.
Muchidzidzo ichi, imba microwave oveni (Panasonic: SAM-MG23K3513GK) yakashandurwa kuita microwave reactor.Makomba matatu akagadzirwa muchikamu chepamusoro chevheni rewa microwave yekupinza uye kubuda kwegasi uye thermocouple.Iwo thermocouple probes akaiswa insulated nemachubhu eceramic uye akaiswa pasi pemamiriro akafanana ekuyedza kwega kwega kudzivirira tsaona.Zvichakadaro, borosilicate girazi reactor ine chivharo-maburi matatu yakashandiswa kugadzirisa samples uye trachea.Dhiyagiramu yechirongwa cheiyo microwave reactor inogona kutaurwa muSupplementary Figure 1.
Kushandisa mafuta emuchindwe asina kuchena sekabhoni precursor uye ferrocene sechinhu chinokonzeresa, magineti nanocarbons akagadzirwa.Inenge 5% nehuremu hweferrocene catalyst yakagadzirwa neslurry catalyst nzira.Ferrocene yakasanganiswa ne20 ml yemafuta emuchindwe pa60 rpm kwemaminitsi makumi matatu.Musanganiswa wacho wakabva waendeswa kune alumina crucible, uye tambo yesimbi isina tsvina yakareba 30 cm yakasungirirwa uye yakaiswa vertically mukati me crucible.Isa iyo alumina crucible mugirazi reactor uye ichengetedze zvakachengeteka mukati memicrowave oveni ine chivharo chegirazi chakavharwa.Nitrogen yakaputirwa mukamuri 5 maminetsi isati yatanga kuita kuti ibvise mweya usingadiwe kubva mukamuri.Iro microwave simba rakawedzerwa kusvika 800W nekuti iyi ndiyo yakanyanya simba microwave inogona kuchengetedza yakanaka arc kutanga.Naizvozvo, izvi zvinogona kubatsira mukusikwa kwemamiriro akanaka ekuita kwekugadzira.Panguva imwecheteyo, iyi zvakare inoshandiswa zvakanyanya simba renji mumawatts eiyo microwave fusion reactions48,49.Musanganiswa wacho wakapiswa kwe10, 15 kana 20 maminetsi panguva yekuita.Mushure mekupedzwa kwekuita, reactor uye microwave zvakangotonhodzwa kusvika kune tembiricha yekamuri.Chigadzirwa chekupedzisira mu alumina crucible yaive yakasviba mvura ine helical waya.
Mvura yakasviba yakaunganidzwa uye yakagezwa kakawanda ne ethanol, isopropanol (70%) uye mvura yakasvibiswa.Mushure mekugeza nekuchenesa, chigadzirwa chacho chinoomeswa usiku hwose pa80 ° C muvheni yakajairika kuti ibudise tsvina isingadiwi.Chigadzirwa chacho chakabva chaunganidzwa kuti chionekwe.Masamples akanyorwa MNC10, MNC15, uye MNC20 akashandiswa kugadzira magineti nanocarbons kwemaminetsi gumi, gumi nemashanu, uye makumi maviri maminetsi.
Tarisa MNC morphology ine munda emission scanning electron microscope kana FESEM (Zeiss Auriga modhi) pa100 kusvika 150 kX magnification.Panguva imwecheteyo, kuumbwa kwekutanga kwakaongororwa ne-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS).Ongororo yeEMF yakaitwa pachinhambwe chekushanda che2.8 mm uye inomhanyisa voltage ye1 kV.Yakananga nzvimbo yepasi uye MNC pore kukosha yakayerwa neBrunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) nzira, kusanganisira adsorption-desorption isotherm yeN2 pa77 K. .
Iko crystallinity uye chikamu chemagnetic nanocarbons zvakagadziriswa ne-X-ray powder diffraction kana XRD (Burker D8 Advance) pa λ = 0.154 nm.Diffractograms yakanyorwa pakati pe2θ = 5 uye 85 ° pachiyero chekuongorora che 2 ° min-1.Pamusoro pezvo, chimiro chemakemikari eMNCs chakaongororwa pachishandiswa Fourier shandura infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).Ongororo iyi yakaitwa pachishandiswa Perkin Elmer FTIR-Spectrum 400 ine scan speed inotangira pa4000 kusvika 400 cm-1.Mukudzidza maumbirwo emagineti nanocarbons, Raman spectroscopy yakaitwa pachishandiswa neodymium-doped laser (532 nm) muU-RAMAN spectroscopy ine chinangwa che100X.
A vibrating magnetometer kana VSM (Lake Shore 7400 series) yakashandiswa kuyera magineti saturation ye iron oxide muMNCs.A magnetic field inenge 8 kOe yakashandiswa uye 200 points yakawanikwa.
Pakudzidza kugona kweMNCs seadsorbents mukuyedza adsorption, iyo cationic dhayi methylene yebhuruu (MB) yakashandiswa.MNCs (20 mg) yakawedzerwa kune 20 ml yeaqueous solution yemethylene blue ine mwero wakadzika muhuwandu hwe5-20 mg / L50.Iyo pH yemushonga yakaiswa pane isina kwayakarerekera pH ye7 mukati mekudzidza.Mushonga wacho wakamutswa zvine mutsindo pa150 rpm uye 303.15 K pane rotary shaker (Lab Companion: SI-300R).MaMNCs anobva apatsanurwa pachishandiswa magineti.Shandisa UV-inooneka spectrophotometer (Varian Cary 50 UV-Vis Spectrophotometer) kuona kunyura kwemhinduro yeMB pamberi uye mushure mekuedza kwekushambadza, uye tarisa kune methylene yebhuruu standard curve pahupamhi hwewavelength ye664 nm.Kuedza kwakadzokororwa katatu uye chiyero chepakati chakapiwa.Kubviswa kweMG kubva mumhinduro kwakaverengerwa uchishandisa general equation yehuwandu hweMC adsorbed paequilibrium qe uye muzana yekubvisa%.
Miedzo pane adsorption isotherm yakaitwawo nekukurudzira kwezvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana (5-20 mg / l) yeMG solutions uye 20 mg ye adsorbent pane imwe nguva tembiricha ye293.15 K. mg kune ese MNCs.
Iron uye magineti kabhoni zvakadzidzwa zvakanyanya mumakumi mashoma emakore apfuura.Iyi kabhoni-yakavakirwa magineti zvinhu zviri kukwezva kutarisisa nekuda kweakanakisa emagetsi emagetsi zvivakwa, zvichitungamira kune akasiyana siyana anogona kuita tekinoroji yekushandisa, kunyanya mumidziyo yemagetsi uye kurapwa kwemvura.Muchidzidzo ichi, nanocarbons dzakagadzirwa nekutsemuka mahydrocarbon mumafuta emuchindwe asina kukora pachishandiswa microwave inobuda.Iyo synthesis yakaitwa panguva dzakasiyana, kubva pa10 kusvika ku20 min, pachiyero chakatarwa (5: 1) yeinotangira uye inokonzeresa, uchishandisa simbi ikozvino muunganidzi (yakamonyoroka SS) uye zvishoma inert (mweya usingadiwi wakacheneswa nenitrogen pa. kutanga kwekuedza).Izvo zvinokonzerwa ne carbonaceous deposits zviri muchimiro chehupfu hwakaoma hutema, sezvinoratidzwa muSupplementary Fig. 2a.Iyo yakawedzera kabhoni goho yaive ingangoita 5.57%, 8.21%, uye 11.67% panguva dzekubatanidza dzegumi maminetsi, 15 maminetsi, uye 20 maminetsi, zvichiteerana.Mamiriro ezvinhu aya anoratidza kuti nguva yakareba yekubatanidza inoita kuti pave negoho repamusoro51-goho rakaderera, zvichida nekuda kwenguva pfupi yekuita uye kuderera kwekuita basa.
Zvichakadaro, hurongwa hwekusanganisa tembiricha maringe nenguva yema nanocarbons anowanikwa inogona kutaurwa muSupplementary Figure 2b.Tembiricha dzepamusoro dzakawanikwa dzeMNC10, MNC15 neMNC20 dzaive 190.9°C, 434.5°C uye 472°C, zvichiteerana.Kune imwe neimwe curve, mutsetse wakatsetseka unogona kuonekwa, zvichiratidza kukwira kwekushisa mukati me reactor nekuda kwekupisa kunogadzirwa panguva yesimbi arc.Izvi zvinogona kuonekwa pa 0–2 min, 0–5 min, uye 0–8 min yeMNC10, MNC15, uye MNC20, zvichiteerana.Mushure mekunge vasvika pane imwe nzvimbo, muteremu unoramba uchienda kune tembiricha yepamusoro, uye mutsetse unova pakati nepakati.
Munda emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) yakashandiswa kutarisa pamusoro penzvimbo yemasampuli eMNC.Sezvinoratidzwa mufig.1, magineti nanocarbons ane chimiro chakati siyanei che morphological pane imwe nguva yekuumbwa.Mifananidzo yeFESEM MNC10 mune fig.1a,b inoratidza kuti kuumbwa kwekabhoni spheres ine yakabatikana uye yakasungirirwa madiki- uye nanospheres nekuda kwepamusoro tension.Panguva imwecheteyo, kuvepo kwemauto evan der Waals kunotungamira mukuunganidzwa kwekabhoni mativi52.Kuwedzera kwenguva yekubatanidza kwakakonzera hukuru hudiki uye kuwedzera kwenhamba yezvikamu nekuda kwekurebesa kuputika maitiro.Pamusoro pemuonde.1c inoratidza kuti MNC15 ine inenge yakakwana spherical chimiro.Nekudaro, iwo akaunganidzwa mativi anogona achiri kuumba mesopores, ayo anogona kuzova nzvimbo dzakanaka dzemethylene blue adsorption.Pakukwidziridzwa kwepamusoro kwe15,000 nguva muFig. 1d mamwe carbon spheres anogona kuonekwa agglomerated neavhareji saizi ye20.38 nm.
FESEM mifananidzo yema nanocarbons akagadzirwa mushure memaminitsi gumi (a, b), 15 min (c, d) uye 20 min (e–g) pa7000 uye 15000 nguva magnification.
Pamusoro pemuonde.1e–g MNC20 inotaridza kusimukira kwemapores ane mativi madiki pamusoro pemagineti kabhoni uye inounganidzazve morphology yemagnetic activated carbon53.Mapores emadhayamita akasiyana uye upamhi anowanikwa zvisina tsarukano pamusoro pemagineti kabhoni.Naizvozvo, izvi zvinogona kutsanangura kuti sei MNC20 yairatidza nzvimbo yakakura uye pore vhoriyamu sezvakaratidzwa nekuongorora kweBET, sezvo mapores akawanda akaumbwa pamusoro payo pane dzimwe nguva dzekugadzira.Micrographs yakatorwa pakukwirira kwepamusoro kwe15,000 nguva yakaratidza inhomogeneous particle sizes uye maitiro asina kukwana, sezvakaratidzwa muFig. 1g.Apo nguva yekukura yakawedzerwa kusvika kumaminitsi makumi maviri, mamwe mazamu agglomerated akaumbwa.
Sezvineiwo, akamonyoroka kabhoni flakes akawanikwawo munzvimbo imwechete.Iyo dhayamita yezvikamu zvakasiyana kubva 5.18 kusvika 96.36 nm.Kuumbwa uku kunogona kunge kuri nekuda kwekuitika kwekusiyanisa nucleation, iyo inofambiswa nekupisa kwakanyanya uye microwaves.Iyo yakaverengerwa sphere saizi yeMNCs yakagadzirirwa avhareji 20.38 nm yeMNC10, 24.80 nm yeMNC15, uye 31.04 nm yeMNC20.Kugoverwa kwehukuru hwemafuraundi kunoratidzwa mune yekuwedzera fig.3.
Supplementary Figure 4 inoratidza EDS spectra uye elemental kuumbwa zvipfupiso zveMNC10, MNC15, uye MNC20, zvichiteerana.Maererano nekuona, zvakaonekwa kuti nanocarbon imwe neimwe ine huwandu hwakasiyana hweC, O, uye Fe.Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekusiyana kwakasiyana oxidation uye kupaza maitiro kunoitika panguva yekuwedzera synthesis nguva.Huwandu hwakawanda hweC hunotendwa kuti hunobva kune kabhoni precursor, isina mafuta emichindwe.Zvichakadaro, iyo yakaderera muzana yeO inokonzerwa neiyo oxidation maitiro panguva yekubatanidza.Panguva imwecheteyo, Fe inonzi inonzi iron oxide yakaiswa panzvimbo ye nanocarbon mushure mekuora kweferrocene.Pamusoro pezvo, Supplementary Figure 5a-c inoratidza mepu yeMNC10, MNC15, uye MNC20 zvinhu.Zvichienderana nemepu yakakosha, zvakaonekwa kuti Fe yakagovaniswa zvakanaka pamusoro peMNC.
Nitrogen adsorption-desorption analysis inopa ruzivo nezve adsorption mechanism uye porous chimiro chechinhu.N2 adsorption isotherms uye magirafu eiyo MNC BET nzvimbo inoratidzwa muFig.2. Kubva pamifananidzo yeFESEM, maitiro ekushambadza anotarisirwa kuratidza musanganiswa we microporous uye mesoporous structures nekuda kwekuunganidza.Zvisinei, girafu iri mumufananidzo 2 inoratidza kuti adsorbent yakafanana nemhando IV isotherm uye rudzi H2 hysteresis loop yeIUPAC55.Iri rudzi rweisotherm rinowanzofanana neiyo yemesoporous zvinhu.Iyo adsorption maitiro emesopores anowanzo kutariswa nekudyidzana kweadsorption-adsorption maitiro nemamorekuru echinhu chakapfupikiswa.S-shaped kana S-shaped adsorption isotherms inowanzo kukonzerwa ne-single-layer-multilayer adsorption inoteverwa nechiitiko umo gasi rinopinda muchikamu chemvura mumapores pakumanikidza kuri pasi pekumanikidza kwehuwandu hwemvura yakawanda, inozivikanwa sepore condensation 56. Capillary condensation mumapores inoitika pakumanikidzwa kwehukama (p/po) pamusoro pe0.50.Zvichakadaro, iyo yakaoma pore dhizaini inoratidza H2-mhando hysteresis, iyo inonzi inonzi pore plugging kana kuvuza mune yakamanikana mapores.
Izvo zviyero zvemuviri zvepamusoro zvakawanikwa kubva kubvunzo dzeBET zvinoratidzwa muTebhu 1. BET nzvimbo yepamusoro uye huwandu hwepore huwandu hwakawedzera zvakanyanya nekuwedzera nguva yekubatanidza.Avhareji pore saizi yeMNC10, MNC15, uye MNC20 ndeye 7.2779 nm, 7.6275 nm, uye 7.8223 nm, zvichiteerana.Zvinoenderana neIUPAC kurudziro, aya epakati pores anogona kuiswa semesoporous zvinhu.Iyo mesoporous chimiro inogona kuita kuti methylene yebhuruu ipinde nyore nyore uye inoshamisira neMNC57.Maximum Synthesis Time (MNC20) yakaratidza nzvimbo yepamusoro yepamusoro, ichiteverwa neMNC15 neMNC10.Yepamusoro BET nzvimbo yepamusoro inogona kuvandudza adsorption kuita sezvo mamwe masaiti esurfactant aripo.
X-ray diffraction maitiro e-synthesized MNCs inoratidzwa muFig. 3. Pakupisa kwakanyanya, ferrocene inoputikawo uye inoita iron oxide.Pamusoro pemuonde.3a inoratidza iyo XRD pateni yeMNC10.Inoratidza nhongonya mbiri pa2θ, 43.0 ° uye 62.32 °, idzo dzakapihwa ɣ-Fe2O3 (JCPDS #39–1346).Panguva imwecheteyo, Fe3O4 ine peak yakaomeswa pa2θ: 35.27 °.Kune rumwe rutivi, muMHC15 diffraction pattern muFig. 3b inoratidza zvitsva zvitsva, izvo zvinowanzobatanidzwa nekuwedzera kwekushisa uye nguva yekubatanidza.Kunyange zvazvo 2θ: 26.202 ° peak iri shoma shoma, diffraction pattern inopindirana negraphite JCPDS file (JCPDS #75-1621), zvichiratidza kuvapo kwemakristasi egraphite mukati me nanocarbon.Iyi peak haipo muMNC10, pamwe nekuda kweiyo yakaderera arc tembiricha panguva yekubatanidza.Pa2θ pane katatu nguva yepamusoro: 30.082 °, 35.502 °, 57.422 ° inonzi Fe3O4.Inoratidzawo nhongonya mbiri dzinoratidza kuvapo kwe ɣ-Fe2O3 pa 2θ: 43.102 ° uye 62.632 °.Kune MNC yakagadzirirwa 20 min (MNC20), sezvakaratidzwa muFig. 3c, yakafanana diffraction pattern inogona kuonekwa muMNK15.Iyo graphical peak pa26.382 ° inogonawo kuonekwa muMNC20.Misoro mitatu yakapinza inoratidzwa pa 2θ: 30.102 °, 35.612 °, 57.402 ° ndeye Fe3O4.Mukuwedzera, kuvapo kwe ε-Fe2O3 kunoratidzwa pa 2θ: 42.972 ° uye 62.61.Kuvapo kweiron oxide compounds muMNCs inoguma inogona kuva nemigumisiro yakanaka pakukwanisa adsorb methylene blue mune ramangwana.
Mamiriro emakemikari echisungo muMNC neCPO samples akatemerwa kubva kuFTIR reflectance spectra muSupplementary Figure 6. Pakutanga, nhongonya nhanhatu dzakakosha dzemafuta emichindwe dzisina kukora dzakamiririra zvikamu zvina zvakasiyana zvemakemikari sezvakatsanangurwa muSupplementary Table 1. Makwiriro makuru akaonekwa muCPO. are 2913.81 cm-1, 2840 cm-1 uye 1463.34 cm-1, izvo zvinoreva CH kutambanudza kudengenyeka kwealkanes uye mamwe aliphatic CH2 kana CH3 mapoka.Iwo akacherechedzwa epamusoro masango ari 1740.85 cm-1 uye 1160.83 cm-1.Peak pa1740.85 cm-1 iC=O bond yakawedzerwa ne ester carbonyl ye triglyceride functional group.Zvichakadaro, iyo yepamusoro pa 1160.83 cm-1 ndiyo imprint yeyakawedzera CO58.59 ester boka.Zvichakadaro, iyo yepamusoro pa813.54 cm-1 ndiyo inodhindisa yeboka re alkane.
Naizvozvo, kumwe kunyura kwepamusoro mumafuta emuchindwe akanyangarika sezvo nguva yekubatanidza yakawedzera.Nzvimbo dzepamusoro pa2913.81 cm-1 uye 2840 cm-1 dzinogona kuonekwa muMNC10, asi zvinonakidza kuti muMNC15 neMNC20 nhongonya dzinowanzonyangarika nekuda kweoxidation.Zvichakadaro, FTIR ongororo yemagineti nanocarbons yakaratidza ichangobva kuumbwa mizinga yekunyura inomiririra mapoka mashanu akasiyana anoshanda eMNC10-20.Aya nhongonya akanyorwawo muSupplementary Table 1. Iyo yepamusoro pa2325.91 cm-1 ndiyo asymmetric CH stretch of the CH360 aliphatic group.Iyo yepamusoro pa1463.34-1443.47 cm-1 inoratidza CH2 uye CH kukotama kwemapoka ealiphatic semafuta emichindwe, asi iyo yepamusoro inotanga kuderera nekufamba kwenguva.Iyo yepamusoro pa813.54–875.35 cm–1 chiratidzo cheboka rinonhuhwirira CH-alkane.
Zvichakadaro, nhongonya dze2101.74 cm-1 uye 1589.18 cm-1 dzinomiririra CC 61 zvisungo zvinogadzira C = C alkyne uye zvindori zvinonhuhwirira, zvichiteerana.Peak diki pa1695.15 cm-1 inoratidza C=O bond yemahara fatty acid kubva kuboka recarbonyl.Inowanikwa kubva kuCPO carbonyl uye ferrocene panguva yekubatanidza.Iwo achangobva kuumbwa mapikisi ari pakati pe539.04 kusvika 588.48 cm-1 ndeeFe-O vibrational bond yeferrocene.Zvichienderana nepamusoro-soro inoratidzwa muSupplementary Figure 4, zvinogona kuonekwa kuti nguva yekubatanidza inogona kuderedza nhongonya dzakati wandei uye kubatana zvakare mumagineti nanocarbons.
Spectroscopic ongororo yeRaman yekuparadzira magineti nanocarbons yakawanikwa panguva dzakasiyana dzekugadzira pachishandiswa chiitiko laser ine wavelength ye514 nm inoratidzwa muMufananidzo 4. Yese spectra yeMNC10, MNC15 neMNC20 ine mabhendi maviri akasimba ane chekuita nelow sp3 carbon, kazhinji. inowanikwa mu nanographite crystallites ine hurema mune vibrational modes yekabhoni marudzi sp262.Peak yekutanga, iri munharaunda ye 1333-1354 cm-1, inomiririra D bhendi, iyo isingafadzi kune yakanaka graphite uye inoenderana nekusagadzikana kwemaitiro uye kumwe kusvibiswa63,64.Yechipiri inonyanya kukosha peak yakatenderedza 1537-1595 cm-1 inosimuka kubva mu-ndege bond kutambanudza kana crystalline uye yakaraira magirafu mafomu.Nekudaro, iyo peak yakachinjika neinenge 10 cm-1 zvichienzaniswa neiyo graphite G bhendi, zvichiratidza kuti maMNCs ane yakaderera sheet stacking kurongeka uye chimiro chakaremara.Iko kusimba kweiyo D uye G mabhendi (ID / IG) inoshandiswa kuongorora kuchena kwekristallite uye graphite samples.Zvinoenderana nekuongorora kweRaman spectroscopic, maMNC ese aive neID / IG kukosha muhuwandu hwe0.98-0.99, zvichiratidza kukanganisa kwechimiro nekuda kweSp3 hybridization.Mamiriro ezvinhu aya anogona kutsanangura kuvapo kwepamusoro-soro 2θ yepamusoro-soro muXPA spectra: 26.20 ° yeMNK15 uye 26.28 ° yeMNK20, sezvakaratidzwa mumufananidzo 4, iyo inopiwa kune girafu yepamusoro mufaira yeJCPDS.Iyo ID / IG MNC ratios inowanikwa mubasa iri iri muhuwandu hwemamwe magnetic nanocarbons, somuenzaniso, 0.85-1.03 ye hydrothermal method uye 0.78-0.9665.66 yepyrolytic nzira.Naizvozvo, reshiyo iyi inoratidza kuti nzira yekugadzira iripo inogona kushandiswa zvakanyanya.
Iwo magineti maitiro eMNCs akaongororwa uchishandisa vibrating magnetometer.Iyo inoguma hysteresis inoratidzwa muFig.5.Sekutonga, maMNCs anowana magineti kubva kune ferrocene panguva yekubatanidza.Aya ekuwedzera magineti anogona kuwedzera adsorption kugona kwenanocarbons mune ramangwana.Sezvinoratidzwa mumufananidzo 5, iwo masampuli anogona kutariswa se superparamagnetic zvinhu.Sekureva kwaWahajuddin & Arora67, iyo superparamagnetic state ndeyekuti sampu inoiswa magineti kune saturation magnetization (MS) kana yekunze magineti ikaiswa.Gare gare, kusara kwemagineti kupindirana hakuchaonekwi mumasampuli67.Izvo zvakakosha kuti iyo saturation magnetization inowedzera neiyo synthesis nguva.Sezvineiwo, MNC15 ine yakanyanya magineti saturation nekuti yakasimba magineti kuumbwa (magnetization) inogona kukonzerwa neyakakwana synthesis nguva pamberi pemagineti ekunze.Izvi zvinogona kunge zvakakonzerwa nekuvapo kweFe3O4, iyo ine zvirinani magineti zvichienzaniswa nemamwe maokisi esimbi akadai se ɣ-Fe2O.Kurongeka kweiyo adsorption nguva yekuzara pachikamu chehuwandu hweMNCs ndeye MNC15> MNC10> MNC20.Iyo yakawanikwa magineti paramita inopiwa mutafura.2.
Huwandu hushoma hwemagineti saturation kana uchishandisa akajairwa magineti mukuparadzaniswa kwemagineti inenge 16.3 emu g-1.Kugona kweMNCs kubvisa zvinosvibisa zvakaita sedhayi munzvimbo yemvura uye kureruka kwekubviswa kweMNCs zvave zvimwe zvinhu zveanowanikwa nanocarbons.Zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti magineti saturation yeLSM inoonekwa seyakakwira.Nekudaro, ese masampula akasvika magineti saturation kukosha kupfuura kukwana kune iyo magineti yekuparadzanisa maitiro.
Munguva pfupi yapfuura, simbi mitsetse kana waya dzakakwezva kutarisisa sezvinokonzeresa kana dielectrics mune microwave fusion maitiro.Microwave reaction yesimbi inokonzera kupisa kwakanyanya kana kuita mukati me reactor.Chidzidzo ichi chinoti muromo uye wakamisikidzwa (wakakoswa) waya yesimbi isina tsvina inogonesa kubuda kwe microwave nekudziya kwesimbi.Simbi isina tsvina yakataura hukasha pamuromo, izvo zvinotungamira kune yakakwirira kukosha kwepamusoro pechaji density uye kunze kwemagetsi munda.Kana kubhadharisa kwawana simba rakakwana rekinetic, zvimedu zvinopomerwa zvinosvetuka kubva musimbi isina tsvina, zvichiita kuti nharaunda iite ionize, ichibudisa kubuda kana kupenya 68.Metal discharge inopa mupiro wakakura mukugadzirisa kutsemuka maitiro anoperekedzwa nepamusoro tembiricha inopisa nzvimbo.Maererano nemepu yekushisa muSupplementary Fig. 2b, tembiricha inokwira nekukurumidza, zvichiratidza kuvepo kwenzvimbo dzinopisa dzinopisa zvakanyanya mukuwedzera kune yakasimba yekubuda chiitiko.
Muchiitiko ichi, kupisa kwemhepo kunoonekwa, sezvo maerekitironi akasungwa asina simba anogona kufamba uye kuisa pfungwa pamusoro pepamusoro uye patip69.Kana simbi isina tsvina yakakuvadzwa, nzvimbo yakakura yesimbi iri mumhinduro inobatsira kupinza eddy mafungu pamusoro pechinhu uye inochengetedza kupisa.Mamiriro ezvinhu aya anobatsira kutsemura macheni akareba ekabhoni eCPO uye ferrocene uye ferrocene.Sezvinoratidzwa muSupplementary Fig. 2b, chiyero chekushisa chinoramba chiripo chinoratidza kuti yunifomu yekupisa inoonekwa mumhinduro.
Imwe nzira yakarongwa yekuumbwa kweMNCs inoratidzwa muSupplementary Figure 7. Iyo yakareba carbon chain yeCPO uye ferrocene inotanga kuputika pakupisa kwepamusoro.Oiri inoputsika kuita kupatsanurwa ma hydrocarbons anova kabhoni precursors anozivikanwa semaglobules mumufananidzo weFESEM MNC1070.Nekuda kwesimba rezvakatipoteredza uye kumanikidza 71 mumamiriro emuchadenga.Panguva imwecheteyo, ferrocene zvakare inotsemuka, ichigadzira catalyst kubva kumaatomu ekabhoni akaiswa paFe.Rapid nucleation inobva yaitika uye carbon core oxidize kuita amorphous uye graphic carbon layer pamusoro pepakati.Sezvo nguva inowedzera, saizi yepasirendi inova yakanyatsojeka uye yakafanana.Panguva imwecheteyo, mauto aripo evan der Waals anotungamirawo kuunganidzwa kwezvikamu52.Panguva yekuderedzwa kweFe ions kusvika kuFe3O4 uye ɣ-Fe2O3 (maererano neX-ray phase analysis), marudzi akasiyana-siyana e-iron oxides anoumbwa pamusoro pe nanocarbons, izvo zvinotungamirira pakuumbwa kwemagnetic nanocarbons.Mamepu eEDS airatidza kuti maatomu eFe akagovaniswa zvine simba pamusoro peMNC, sezvakaratidzwa muSupplementary Figures 5a-c.
Musiyano ndewekuti panguva yekubatanidza yemaminetsi makumi maviri, kabhoni aggregation inoitika.Inoumba pores akakura pamusoro peMNCs, zvichiratidza kuti MNCs inogona kutorwa seyakagadzirwa kabhoni, sezvinoratidzwa mumifananidzo yeFESEM muFig. 1e–g.Uyu mutsauko muhukuru hwepore unogona kuve wakabatana nemupiro we iron oxide kubva kuferrocene.Panguva imwecheteyo, nekuda kwekusvika kwekushisa kwepamusoro, kune zviyero zvakaremara.Magnetic nanocarbons anoratidza mamorphology akasiyana panguva dzakasiyana dzemaumbirwo.Nanocarbons anowanzo kuumba maumbirwo edenderedzwa ane nguva pfupi yekubatanidza.Panguva imwecheteyo, pores uye zviyero zvinogoneka, kunyange mutsauko wenguva yekubatanidza uri mukati memaminitsi mashanu chete.
Magnetic nanocarbons anogona kubvisa zvinosvibisa munzvimbo yemvura.Kugona kwavo kubviswa nyore nyore mushure mekushandisa chinhu chekuwedzera chekushandisa nanocarbons inowanikwa mubasa iri se adsorbents.Mukudzidza nezve adsorption properties yemagnetic nanocarbons, takaongorora kugona kweMNCs kuita decolorize methylene blue (MB) mhinduro pa30°C pasina kana pH kugadziridzwa.Ongororo dzinoverengeka dzakagumisa kuti kuita kwekabhoni inonyudza mutembiricha ye25-40 ° C haina basa rakakosha pakuona kubviswa kweMC.Kunyangwe yakanyanyisa pH kukosha ichiita basa rakakosha, machaji anogona kuumba pamusoro pemapoka anoshanda, izvo zvinotungamira mukukanganisa kwekudyidzana kwe adsorbate-adsorbent uye kukanganisa adsorption.Naizvozvo, mamiriro ari pamusoro akasarudzwa muchidzidzo ichi tichitarisa mamiriro aya uye kudiwa kwekugadziriswa kwemvura yetsvina.
Mubasa iri, batch adsorption kuyedza yakaitwa nekuwedzera 20 mg yeMNCs kune 20 ml yeaqueous solution yemethylene blue ine akasiyana akajairwa ekutanga concentration (5–20 ppm) panguva yakatarwa60.Supplementary Figure 8 inoratidza mamiriro ezvakasiyana-siyana (5-20 ppm) yemethylene blue solutions pamberi uye mushure mekurapa neMNC10, MNC15, uye MNC20.Paunenge uchishandisa akasiyana MNCs, iyo ruvara nhanho yeMB mhinduro yakadzikira.Sezvineiwo, zvakaonekwa kuti MNC20 inobvisa nyore MB mhinduro pane imwe ye5 ppm.Zvichakadaro, iyo MNC20 yakadzikisawo chiyero chemavara eiyo MB mhinduro kana ichienzaniswa nemamwe maMNC.Iyo UV inooneka spectrum yeMNC10-20 inoratidzwa muSupplementary Figure 9. Zvichakadaro, chiyero chekubvisa uye adsorption ruzivo runoratidzwa mumufananidzo 9. 6 uye mutafura 3, maererano.
Yakasimba methylene blue peaks inogona kuwanikwa pa664 nm uye 600 nm.Sekutonga, kusimba kweiyo peak zvishoma nezvishoma kunoderera nekudzikira kwekutanga kusangana kweMG mhinduro.Mune yekuwedzera Fig. 9a inoratidza UV-inooneka spectra yeMB mhinduro dzezvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana mushure mekurapa neMNC10, iyo yakangoshandura zvishoma kusimba kwepamusoro.Kune rimwe divi, kunyura kwepamusoro kweMB mhinduro kwakadzikira zvakanyanya mushure mekurapwa neMNC15 uye MNC20, sezvakaratidzwa muSupplementary Figures 9b uye c, zvichiteerana.Idzi shanduko dzinoonekwa zvakajeka sezvo kusungirirwa kweMG mhinduro kunoderera.Nekudaro, iyo spectral shanduko yakaitwa neatatu magineti kabhoni aive akakwana kubvisa iyo methylene yebhuruu dhayi.
Kubva paTebhenekeri 3, zvigumisiro zvehuwandu hweMC adsorbed uye chikamu cheMC adsorbed chinoratidzwa mumufananidzo 3. 6. Kushambadza kweMG kwakawedzera nekushandiswa kwepamusoro kwekutanga kwekutanga kweMNCs yose.Zvichakadaro, iyo adsorption percentage kana MB yekubvisa rate (MBR) yakaratidza yakasarudzika maitiro apo yekutanga kusungwa kwakawedzera.Pakudzika kwekutanga MC kutariswa, nzvimbo dzisina kubatwa dzinoshanda dzakaramba dziri panzvimbo yeadsorbent.Sezvo huwandu hwedhayi hunowedzera, huwandu hwenzvimbo dzisina kubatwa dzinoshanda dziripo kune adsorption yemamorekuru edhayi inoderera.Vamwe vakagumisa kuti pasi pemamiriro aya saturation yenzvimbo dzinoshanda dzebiosorption ichawanikwa72.
Nehurombo kune MNC10, MBR yakawedzera nekudzikira mushure megumi ppm yeMB mhinduro.Panguva imwecheteyo, chikamu chidiki chete cheMG chinoshambadzirwa.Izvi zvinoratidza kuti 10 ppm ndiyo yakanyanya kusungwa yeMNC10 adsorption.Kune ese maMNCs akadzidzwa mubasa iri, kurongeka kweadsorption hunyanzvi hwakanga hwakadai: MNC20> MNC15> MNC10, avhareji kukosha aive 10.36 mg/g, 6.85 mg/g uye 0.71 mg/g, avhareji yekubviswa kweMG mazinga yaiva 87, 79%, 62.26% uye 5.75%.Nekudaro, MNC20 yakaratidza yakanakisa adsorption hunhu pakati peakagadzirwa magineti nanocarbons, tichifunga nezve adsorption kugona uye UV-inooneka spectrum.Kunyange zvazvo simba rekushambadza rakaderera kana richienzaniswa nemamwe magineti nanocarbons akadai seMWCNT magnetic composite (11.86 mg / g) uye halloysite nanotube-magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles (18.44 mg / g), chidzidzo ichi hachidi kushandiswa kwekuwedzera kwekukurudzira.Makemikari anoita seanokonzeresa.kupa nzira dzakachena uye dzinogoneka dzekugadzira73,74.
Sezvinoratidzwa neiyo SBET kukosha kweMNCs, yakakwira chaiyo nzvimbo inopa mamwe anoshanda masaiti ekushambadza kweMB mhinduro.Ichi chiri kuve chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvekugadzira nanocarbons.Panguva imwecheteyo, nekuda kwehukuru hudiki hweMNCs, nguva yekubatanidza ipfupi uye inogamuchirwa, iyo inoenderana nehukuru hunhu hwekuvimbisa adsorbents75.Kuenzaniswa neyakajairwa echisikigo adsorbents, maMNC akagadzirwa ane magineti akazara uye anogona kubviswa zviri nyore kubva mumhinduro pasi pekuita kwekunze kwemagineti76.Nokudaro, nguva inodiwa yehutano hwose hwekurapa inoderedzwa.
Adsorption isotherms yakakosha kuti unzwisise maitiro adsorption uyezve kuratidza kuti adsorbate partitions pakati pemvura uye yakasimba chikamu kana yakaenzana yasvika.Iyo Langmuir neFreundlich equations inoshandiswa seyakajairwa isotherm equations, iyo inotsanangura nzira yekushambadza, sezvakaratidzwa muMufananidzo 7. Muenzaniso weLangmuir unonyatsoratidza kuumbwa kweimwe adsorbate layer pamusoro pekunze kweiyo adsorbent.Isotherms inotsanangurwa zvakanyanya sehomogeneous adsorption nzvimbo.Panguva imwecheteyo, iyo Freundlich isotherm inotaura zvakanyanya kutora chikamu kwenzvimbo dzinoverengeka dzeadsorbent uye adsorption simba mukutsikirira adsorbate kune inhomogeneous pamusoro.
Model isotherm yeLangmuir isotherm (a–c) uye Freundlich isotherm (d–f) yeMNC10, MNC15 uye MNC20.
Adsorption isotherms pane yakaderera solute concentrations inowanzo mutsara77.Iyo mutsara inomiririra yeLangmuir isotherm modhi inogona kuratidzwa muequation.1 Sarudza adsorption paramita.
KL (l/mg) iLangmuir inogara ichimiririra mubatanidzwa weMB kune MNC.Zvichakadaro, qmax ndiyo yakanyanya adsorption kugona (mg/g), qe ndiyo adsorbed yekumisikidza yeMC (mg/g), uye Ce ndiyo yakaenzana yekusangana kweMC mhinduro.Iyo mutsara kutaura kweiyo Freundlich isotherm modhi inogona kutsanangurwa seizvi:
Nguva yekutumira: Feb-16-2023